Cardiovascular Control during Exercise in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Figure 1

A simple conceptual model of cardiovascular control during exercise with links to oxygen uptake, fatigue, and exercise tolerance. Definitions of terms and description of most interrelationships between variables are described in the main text. The length of bidirectional arrows indicates the relative ranges of variables: the regulated variable, mean arterial pressure, varies through a smaller range than controlled variables such as cardiac output and systemic arterial resistance. Dashed bidirectional arrows indicate interactions between two variables. Arterial stiffness is not considered to be a part of a system of cardiovascular regulation and control, but it is influenced by this system (systemic arterial resistance) and also exerts an independent influence on mean arterial pressure.