Research Article
Current Smoking Dose-Dependently Associated with Decreased β-Cell Function in Chinese Men without Diabetes
Table 1
General characteristics of study population.
| | Variables | Never smokers | Former smokers | Current smokers | | (, %) | (, %) | | (, %) | |
| | Age (y), mean (SD) | 52.03 (15.68) | 48.89 (14.31) | 0.0430 | 50.54 (13.69) | 0.0615 | | Education level | | | | | | | Primary school or lower | 213 (35.62) | 33 (27.50) | 0.0872 | 310 (36.47) | 0.7397 | | Middle school or higher | 385 (64.38) | 87 (72.50) | 540 (63.53) | | Drinking status | | | | | | | Never | 266 (44.48) | 29 (24.17) | <0.0001 | 235 (27.65) | <0.0001 | | Ever | 332 (55.52) | 91 (75.83) | 615 (72.35) | | Body mass index (kg/m2) | | | | | | | <25 | 343 (57.36) | 59 (49.17) | 0.0990 | 508 (59.76) | 0.3596 | | ≥25 | 255 (42.64) | 61 (50.83) | 342 (40.24) | | Waist circumference (cm) | | | | | | | <90 | 401 (67.06) | 72 (60.00) | 0.1368 | 581 (68.35) | 0.6032 | | ≥90 | 197 (32.94) | 48 (40.00) | 269 (31.65) | | Physical activity (MET min/wk) | | | | | | | ≥2520 | 273 (45.65) | 52 (43.33) | 0.8858 | 430 (50.59) | 0.0154 | | <2520 | 265 (44.31) | 56 (46.67) | 314 (36.94) | | Unknown | 60 (10.03) | 12 (10.00) | 106 (12.47) | | Hypertension | | | | | | | No | 279 (46.66) | 57 (47.50) | 0.8656 | 382 (44.94) | 0.5190 | | Yes | 319 (53.34) | 63 (52.50) | 468 (55.06) | | Dyslipidemia | | | | | | | No | 426 (71.24) | 78 (65.00) | 0.1728 | 585 (68.82) | 0.3245 | | Yes | 172 (28.76) | 42 (35.00) | 265 (31.18) |
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SD: standard deviation; MET: metabolic equivalent.
values were calculated using never smokers as references.
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