Current Smoking Dose-Dependently Associated with Decreased β-Cell Function in Chinese Men without Diabetes
Table 2
-cell function and insulin resistance by smoking status.
Variables
Never smokers
Former smokers
Current smokers
Mean (95% CI)
Mean (95% CI)
Mean (95% CI)
Mean (95% CI)
Mean (95% CI)
Mean (95% CI)
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)
598
5.60 (5.53–5.67)
5.66 (5.58–5.75)
119
5.56 (5.41–5.72)
5.60 (5.44–5.76)
849
5.63 (5.57–5.69)
5.69 (5.61–5.77)
P = 0.6660
= 0.4562
P = 0.5119
= 0.5712
2 h glucose (mmol/L)
569
6.32 (6.18–6.47)
6.48 (6.29–6.67)
112
6.19 (5.82–6.59)
6.36 (5.98–6.76)
794
6.56 (6.38–6.74)
6.66 (6.45–6.87)
P = 0.5417
= 0.5576
P = 0.0493
= 0.1244
Fasting insulin (mU/L)
598
5.43 (5.15–5.72)
6.03 (5.73–6.34)
120
5.40 (4.80–6.08)
5.59 (5.08–6.16)
849
5.12 (4.89–5.35)
5.68 (5.42–5.95)
P = 0.9430
= 0.1502
P = 0.0953
= 0.0335
HbA1c (%)
593
5.79 (5.74–5.83)
5.80 (5.75–5.86)
120
5.75 (5.65–5.85)
5.79 (5.69–5.89)
848
5.80 (5.76–5.83)
5.83 (5.78–5.88)
P = 0.4706
= 0.7518
P = 0.7671
= 0.3662
HOMA-IR
598
1.35 (1.27–1.43)
1.52 (1.43–1.60)
119
1.34 (1.18–1.52)
1.39 (1.25–1.55)
848
1.28 (1.22–1.34)
1.44 (1.36–1.51)
P = 0.8959
= 0.1388
P = 0.1675
= 0.0723
HOMA- (%)
598
54.39 (51.57–57.37)
58.81 (55.57–62.24)
119
54.70 (48.54–61.64)
55.90 (50.16–62.29)
848
50.60 (48.39–52.92)
54.86 (52.10–57.78)
P = 0.9334
= 0.3813
P = 0.0420
= 0.0257
HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-, homeostasis model assessment of -cell function; CI, confidence interval. Adjusted for age, education level, drinking status, body mass index, waist circumference, level of physical activity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, using never smokers as references.
