Illness Perception and Depressive Symptoms among Persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study in Clinical Settings in Nepal

Table 1

Sociodemographic characteristics of respondents by gender.

Characteristics	Gender		Total (%)	value
	Male (%)	Female (%)
Age group (in years)
20–30	3 (0.8)	2 (0.5)	5 (1.3)	0.15
31–40	15 (4)	27 (7.1)	42 (11.1)
41–50	30 (7.9)	50 (13.2)	80 (21.1)
51–60	74 (19.5)	56 (14.8)	130 (34.3)
61–70	67 (17.7)	55 (14.5)	122 (32.2)
Family type
Nuclear	164 (43.3)	161 (42.5)	325 (85.8)	0.571
Joint	25 (6.6)	29 (7.7)	54 (14.2)
Place of residence
Urban	152 (40.1)	169 (44.6)	321 (84.7)	0.021
Rural	37 (9.8)	21 (5.5)	58 (15.3)
Ethnicity
Chhetri	29 (7.7)	32 (8.4)	61 (16.1)	0.005
Brahman	58 (15.3)	29 (7.7)	87 (23)
Newar	83 (21.9)	95 (25.1)	178 (47)
Janajati	13 (3.4)	25 (6.6)	38 (10)
Others	6 (1.6)	9 (2.4)	15 (4)
Religion
Hindu	175 (46.2%)	155 (40.9)	330 (87.1)	0.001
Others	14 (3.7)	35 (9.2)	49 (12.9)
Occupation
Job	59 (15.6)	21 (5.5)	80 (21.1)	0.00
Business	48 (12.7)	21 (5.5)	69 (18.2)
Farming	26 (6.9)	11 (2.9)	37 (9.8)
Homemaker	3 (0.8)	110 (29)	113 (29.8)
Jobless	20 (5.3)	10 (2.6)	30 (7.9)
Others	33 (8.7)	17 (4.5)	50 (13.2)
Education level
No formal education	9 (2.4)	75 (19.8)	84 (22.2)	0.00
Less than primary	3 (0.8)	4 (1.1)	7 (1.8)
Primary	27 (7.1)	43 (11.3)	70 (18.5)
Secondary	49 (12.9)	32 (8.4)	81 (21.4)
Higher secondary	30 (7.9)	16 (4.2)	46 (12.1)
Bachelor’s degree	42 (11.1)	14 (3.7)	56 (14.8)
Master’s degree	29 (7.7)	6 (1.6)	35 (9.2)
Socioeconomic status
Lower	12 (3.2)	98 (25.9)	110 (29)	0.00
Upper lower	97 (25.6)	73 (19.3)	170 (44.9)
Lower middle	44 (11.6)	8 (2.1)	52 (13.7)
Upper middle	36 (9.5)	11 (2.9)	47 (12.4)
Upper	—	—
Marital status
Married	186 (49.1)	155 (40.9)	341 (90)	0.00
Others	3 (0.8)	35 (9.2)	38 (10)

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