Illness Perception and Depressive Symptoms among Persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study in Clinical Settings in Nepal

Table 3

Distribution of depressive symptoms by sociodemographic characteristics and behavior factors.

Characteristics	Depressive symptoms		Total	value
	No (%)	Yes (%)
Age group
20–30	2 (0.5)	3 (0.8)	5 (1.3)	0.001
31–40	27 (7.1)	15 (4)	42 (11.1)
41–50	45 (11.9)	35 (9.2)	80 (21.1)
51–60	87 (23)	43 (11.3)	130 (34.3)
61–70	51 (13.5)	71 (18.7)	122 (32.2)
Sex
Male	131 (34.6)	58 (15.3)	189 (49.9)	0.000
Female	81 (21.4)	109 (28.8)	190 (50.1)
Family type
Nuclear	187 (49.3)	138 (36.4)	325 (85.8)	0.123
Joint	25 (6.6)	29 (7.7)	54 (14.2)
Place of residence
Urban	181 (47.8)	140 (36.9)	321 (84.7)	0.678
Rural	31 (8.2)	27 (7.1)	58 (15.3)
Ethnicity
Chhetri	37 (9.8)	24 (6.3)	61 (16.1)	0.347
Brahman	47 (12.4)	40 (10.6)	87 (23)
Newar	102 (26.9)	76 (20.1)	178 (47)
Janajati	16 (4.2)	22 (5.8)	38 (10)
Others	10 (2.6)	5 (1.3)	15 (4)
Religion
Hindu	185 (48.8)	145 (38.3)	330 (87.1)	0.9
Others	27 (7.1)	22 (5.8)	49 (12.9)
Occupation
Job	58 (15.3)	22 (5.8)	80 (21.1)	0.000
Business	49 (12.9)	20 (5.3)	69 (18.2)
Farming	19 (5)	18 (4.7)	37 (9.8)
Homemaker	39 (10.3)	74 (19.5)	113 (29.8)
Jobless	16 (4.2)	14 (3.7)	30 (7.9)
Others	31 (8.2)	19 (5)	50 (13.2)
Education level
No formal education	18 (4.7)	66 (17.4)	84 (22.2)	0.000
Less than primary	4 (1.1)	3 (0.8)	7 (1.8)
Primary	32 (8.4)	38 (10)	70 (18.5)
Secondary	55 (14.5)	26 (6.9)	81 (21.4)
Higher secondary	32 (8.4)	14 (3.7)	46 (12.1)
Bachelor’s degree	45 (11.9)	11 (2.9)	56 (14.8)
Master’s degree	26 (6.9)	9 (2.4)	35 (9.2)
Socioeconomic status
Lower	32 (8.2)	78 (20.6)	110 (29)	0.000
Upper lower	98 (25.9)	72 (19)	170 (44.9)
Lower middle	45 (11.9)	7 (1.8)	52 (13.7)
Upper middle	37 (9.8)	10 (2.6)	47 (12.4)
Marital status
Married	198 (52.2)	143 (37.7)	341 (90)	0.012
Others	14 (3.7)	24 (6.3)	38 (10)
Alcohol consumption
Yes	31 (8.2)	14 (3.7)	45 (11.9)	0.062
No	181 (47.8)	153 (40.4)	334 (88.1)
Smoking
Yes	25 (6.6)	11 (2.9)	36 (9.5)	0.86
No	187 (49.3)	156 (41.2)	343 (90.5)
Mode of treatment
Insulin	21 (5.5)	37 (9.8)	58 (15.3)	0.001
Oral medication	191 (50.4)	130 (34.3)	321 (84.7)

, , and .