Potential Renoprotective Agents through Inhibiting CTGF/CCN2 in Diabetic Nephropathy

Table 1

Agents for specific inhibition of CCN2 expression in diabetic nephropathy.

Agents	Subjects	Treatment plan	Pathway	Outcomes
CTGF ASO [27]	T1DM mice	20 mg/kg/2 qw for 16 weeks, subcutaneously	Inhibition of phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and CREB pathway	CCN2 ASO reduced CCN2 expression in the kidney of diabetic mice.; CCN2 ASO decreased proteinuria and albuminuria.
	T2DM db/db mice	5, 10, and 20 mg/kg/2 qw for 8 weeks, subcutaneously		CCN2 ASO reduced serum creatinine and attenuated urinary albuminuria and proteinuria in diabetic mice.
FG-3019 [32]	T1DM, T2DM patients	3 or 10 mg/kg/2 qw, i.v., 8 wks		FG-3019 decreased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR).

T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; IG: intragastric; HK2: human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells.