Methylglyoxal Impairs Insulin Secretion of Pancreatic β-Cells through Increased Production of ROS and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Mediated by Upregulation of UCP2 and MAPKs

Figure 3

Effects of MG on the production of ROS in MIN6/INS-1 cells and MMP in MIN6 cells. ((a), (b), and (c)) ROS production was significantly increased by MG, as detected by fluorescence microscope ((a) for MIN6; 100x) and flow cytometer ((b) for MIN6; (c) for INS-1). ((d) and (e) for MIN6) Incubation with MG for 3 h increased the rate of low MMP (the bottom right gate). This illustrated that MG significantly decreased MMP. The effects of MG on MIN6 were reversed by coincubation with NAC. , , and compared to control group (0 mM MG + 0 mM NAC). , compared to the higher MG group (0.1 mM MG + 0 mM NAC).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)