Association of Haemostatic and Inflammatory Biomarkers with Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 1

Characteristics of type 1 diabetic patients with and without chronic kidney disease.

	Patients without CKD	Patients with CKD
Number of individuals ()	60	65
Age (years)	32 (25–37)	34 (27–43)	NS
Sex/male (, %)	23 (38.3)	22 (33.8)	NS
BMI (kg/m^2)	24 ± 3	23 ± 2
Diabetes duration (years)	18 ± 8	19 ± 6	NS
Retinopathy (, %)	16 (26.7)	39 (60.0)
Neuropathy (, %)	11 (18.3)	9 (13.8)	NS
Use of ACEi or angiotensin antagonist (, %)	29 (48.3)	44 (67.7)
Use of statin (, %)	10 (16.7)	30 (46.2)
Use of AAS (, %)	3 (5.0)	18 (27.7)
Use of thyroxine (, %)	6 (10.0)	12 (18.5)	NS
HbA1c (%)	8.4 ± 1.6	8.7 ± 1.4	NS
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.79 (0.66–0.88)	1.07 (0.76–1.49)
UAE (mg/g of creatinine)	6 (4–14)	65 (38–141)
GFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	114 (104–123)	75 (44–106)
INF-γ (pg/mL)	95 ± 20	119 ± 45
TNF-α (pg/mL)	166 (104–215)	215 (149–314)
IL-6 (pg/mL)	16 (14–18)	17 (15–19)
IL-10 (pg/mL)	1106 (1019–1295)	1236 (1024–1523)
VWF (mU/mL)	1028 ± 287	1350 ± 414
ADAMTS13 antigen (ng/mL)	305 (231–509)	549 (357–638)
ADAMTS13 activity (%)	95 ± 16	105 ± 21
VWF/ADAMTS13 antigen	3.1 (1.9–4.2)	2.6 (1.9–3.3)	NS
VWF/ADAMTS13 activity	11.1 ± 3.8	13.2 ± 4.4
ADAMTS13 activity/antigen	0.31 (0.20–0.40)	0.18 (0.17–0.19)
D-Dimer (ng/mL)	191 (137–258)	309 (202–451)

Normally distributed data were expressed as mean ± SD and compared by -test. Not normally distributed data were expressed as median (percentiles 25%–75%) and compared by Mann-Whitney test. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies (%) and compared using the chi-square test (). Body mass index (BMI), time of diagnosis, HbA1c, interferon gamma (INF-γ), von Willebrand factor (VWF), ADAMTS13 activity, and VWF/ADAMTS13 activity ratio were normally distributed. Age, creatinine, urinary albumin excretion (UAE), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), ADAMTS13 antigen, VWF/ADAMTS13 antigen ratio, ADAMTS13 activity/antigen ratio, and D-Dimer were not normally distributed. NS = not significant. CKD = chronic kidney disease. AAS = acetylsalicylic acid. ACEi = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor.