Low Serum Levels of Prealbumin, Retinol Binding Protein, and Retinol Are Frequent in Adult Type 1 Diabetic Patients
Table 1
Clinical characteristics of all patients, for patients stratified by low or normal PA, RBP, and retinol levels and group comparisons.
Parameters
All patients
PA
RBP
Retinol
Low
Normal
value
Low
Normal
value
Low
Normal
value
Age (years)
45.3 (11.6)
46.2 (11.9)
44.5 (11.4)
0.556
45.0 (12.1)
45.7 (11.2)
0.738
45.4 (11.8)
45.3 (11.6)
0.957
Duration of DM (years)
20.6 (11.2)
21.3 (11.4)
20.0 (11.0)
0.489
19.8 (10.8)
21.4 (11.6)
0.491
19.9 (9.7)
20.9 (11.8)
0.801
HbA1c (%)
7.8 (0.9)
8.0 (1.1)
7.7 (0.6)
0.195
7.8 (1.0)
7.7 (1.0)
0.929
7.9 (1.0)
7.7 (1.0)
0.306
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
179.6 (33.8)
178.3 (30.4)
180.8 (37.1)
0.642
177.1 (34.1)
181.9 (33.7)
0.620
179.2 (28.4)
179.7 (36.1)
0.769
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
66.9 (32.1)
61.3 (20.8)
72.2 (39.9)
0.402
59.9 (26.5)
73.5 (35.7)
0.031
53.0 (15.6)
72.9 (35.5)
0.003
Albumin (g/dL)
4.4 (0.1)
4.3 (0.3)
4.5 (0.2)
0.002
4.3 (0.3)
4.4 (0.3)
0.543
4.3 (0.3)
4.4 (0.3)
0.248
PA (mg/dL)
20.7 (4.7)
17.1 (2.2)
24.2 (3.7)
<0.001
17.4 (7.1)
23.8 (4.1)
<0.001
16.7 (2.6)
22.4 (4.3)
<0.001
RBP (mg/dL)
3.2 (1.5)
2.5 (0.5)
3.8 (1.3)
<0.001
2.3 (0.4)
3.9 (1.2)
<0.001
2.2 (0.4)
3.6 (1.2)
<0.001
Retinol (mg/dL)
0.4 (0.2)
0.3 (0.1)
0.5 (0.2)
<0.001
0.3 (0.1)
0.5 (0.2)
<0.001
0.2 (0.1)
0.4 (0.1)
<0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL)
0.8 (0.1)
0.8 (0.1)
0.9 (0.3)
0.011
0.8 (0.1)
0.9 (0.3)
0.003
0.7 (0.1)
0.9 (0.3)
<0.001
Sex
0.002
0.004
0.002
Female
50.5%
66.0%
34.0%
63.8%
36.2%
44.7%
53.3%
Male
49.5%
32.6%
67.4%
32.6%
67.4%
15.2%
84.4%
BMI (kg/m2)
0.047
0.026
0.098
BMI ≥ 25
45.2%
61.9%
38.1%
35.7%
64.3%
21.4%
78.6%
BMI < 25
54.8%
41.2%
58.8%
58.8%
41.2%
37.3%
62.7%
Data summarized using mean (standard deviation) except for sex and qualitative BMI, for which percentage by row is given. PA: prealbumin, RBP: retinol binding protein.
