Danish Nationwide Data Reveal a Link between Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Retinopathy, and Glaucoma
Table 2
Multivariable Cox regression model analyses showing the hazard ratios for glaucoma by antidiabetic drugs used in patients with DM. The effect of complications such as diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy was investigated, as well as the concomitant medications used, such as antihypertensive drugs. RAS: renin-angiotensin system; PE: parameter estimate; SE: standard error; HR: hazard ratio.
Model
Age ≥ 40 years
All ages
1
2
3
4
PE (SE)
HR
PE (SE)
HR
PE (SE)
HR
PE (SE)
HR
DR (Reference: no DR)
(0.08)
1.4
(0.04)
1.57
(0.07)
1.4
(0.04)
1.55
Diabetic nephropathy
−0.02 (0.14)
0.98
(0.05)
1.12
0.03 (0.13)
1.03
(0.05)
1.14
Hypertension (Reference: no antihypertensives)
0.06 (0.03)
1.06
(0.03)
1.12
Gender (Reference: males)
−0.01 (0.03)
0.99
−0.01 (0.03)
0.99
0 (0.03)
1
0 (0.03)
1
Nephropathy × DR
(0.12)
1.4
(0.11)
1.41
Nephropathy × hypertension
0.05 (0.15)
1.05
0.01 (0.14)
1.01
DR × hypertension
0.1 (0.09)
1.1
0.08 (0.09)
1.08
Biguanides
0.17 (0.16)
1.18
0.17 (0.16)
1.19
0.24 (0.14)
1.27
0.24 (0.14)
1.28
Combination
(0.33)
1.91
(0.33)
1.93
(0.32)
2.04
(0.32)
2.07
GLP-1-analogues and DDP-IV-inhibitors
−0.05 (0.52)
0.95
−0.05 (0.52)
0.96
0.26 (0.47)
1.3
0.27 (0.47)
1.31
Glitazones
(0.47)
3.73
(0.47)
3.72
(0.47)
3.88
(0.47)
3.89
Insulin and insulin analogues (slow)
0.55 (0.41)
1.74
0.57 (0.41)
1.77
0.47 (0.4)
1.59
0.48 (0.4)
1.62
Insulin and insulin analogues (slow combined with rapid)