Participant Experiences in the Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young Study: Common Reasons for Withdrawing

Table 1

Factors associated with passive withdrawal (PW) versus active withdrawal (AW).

Factors^a	Numbermean (SD)	Univariate				Multivariate
		% of PW	OR	95% CI	value	OR	95% CI	value
Country of residence
Finland	383	8.9	1.00	Ref.		1.00	Ref.
Sweden	562	19.4	2.47	1.64–3.72		2.86	1.85–4.44
Germany	163	23.9	3.22	1.95–5.34		3.73	2.16–6.43
US	1001	37.8	4.28	3.26–9.06	<0.001	6.57	4.35–9.93	<0.0011
Maternal age at child’s birth (years)
Years	28.9 (5.7)		0.94	0.93–0.96	<0.001	0.95	0.93–0.97	<0.001
<29 years	1016	32.0
≥29 years	1093	21.5
Child’s age of withdrawal (years)
Years	1.16 (0.80)		1.12	0.99–1.25	0.08	1.33	1.16–1.52	<0.001
<1.16 years	1231	25.8
≥1.16 years	878	27.6
Gender
Female	1094	25.9	1.00	Ref.		1.00	Ref.
Male	1015	27.3	1.08	0.88–1.31	0.46	1.10	0.88–1.36	0.40
FDR^a
No	1957	26.8	1.00	Ref.		1.00	Ref.
Yes	152	23.7	0.85	0.57–1.25	0.41	0.95	0.62–1.47	0.81
Smoking during pregnancy
No	1556	25.2	1.00	Ref.		1.00	Ref.
Yes	415	30.4	1.30	1.02–1.64	0.03	1.31	1.00–1.72	0.05
Alcohol 3rd trimester
No	1713	26.1	1.00	Ref.		1.00	Ref.
Yes	289	27.3	1.07	0.81–1.41	0.66	1.16	0.85–1.60	0.35
Worked during pregnancy
No or reduced hours	1184	26.6	1.00	Ref.		1.00	Ref.
Yes or increased hours	819	25.8	0.96	0.78–1.17	0.67	0.92	0.74–1.15	0.45
High anxiety (SAI > 48)
Score	40.9 (10.7)		1.02	1.01–1.03	<0.001	1.00	0.99–1.01	0.80
<40.9 score	1059	22.6
≥40.9 score	921	29.4
Risk perception
Underestimate	901	27.3	1.00	Ref.		1.00	Ref.
Accurate	1097	25.2	0.90	0.73–1.09	0.28	0.99	0.80–1.23	0.93
Father not active (3 mo)^b
No	1807	25.0	1.00	Ref.		1.00	Ref.
Yes	302	36.1	1.70	1.31–2.20	<0.001	1.27	0.90–1.78	0.17

FDR = first degree relative has type 1 diabetes. ^bFather did not answer 3-month questionnaires.