Reference Study population, Age, years Training modality Type of sport Training frequency Acute/chronic exercise Training intensity Tissue & condition Time since the last exercise bout, h Changes in cytokines and related inflammatory signaling Lancaster et al., 2005 [64 ] 11 trained CON 25 ± 1 ET Cycling 90 min Acute 65% Plasma Immediately and 2 h after exercise Increase in IL-6 plasma levels in response to LPS stimulation after exercise Leggate et al., 2010 [73 ] 11 trained CON 22 ± 4 ET Cycling 60 min Acute 62% Plasma Immediately, 1.5, 6 and 23 h after exercise Increase of soluble interleukin-6 receptor complex after continuous ET (126%) Leggate et al., 2010 [73 ] 11 trained CON 22 ± 4 HIT Cycling 4 min work/2 min rest Acute 88% Plasma Immediately, 1.5, 6 and 23 h after exercise Increase of soluble interleukin-6 receptor complex plasma levels (159%) and increase of IL-6 plasma levels (2.5-fold) immediately after HIT Lyngsø et al., 2002 [70 ] 9 CON 24 ± 1 ET Cycling 60 min Acute 60% Plasma During, immediately and 3 h after exercise Increase of IL-6 plasma levels (17-fold) during and 30 min after exercise Keller et al., 2001 [104 ] 6 untrained CON 26 ± 4 ET Two-legged knee extensor apparatus 180 min Acute 60% of maximum workload of 2 min Plasma Immediately, 30, 60, 90 and 180 min after exercise Increase of IL-6 and TNF-α plasma levels immediately and 2 h after exercise Febbraio et al., 2004 [105 ] 6 trained CON 24 ± 1 ET Cycling 120 min Acute 40% Plasma During (every 30 min), immediately, 60 and 120 min after exercise Increase of IL-6 plasma levels at 70% of Ostrowski et al., 1998 [72 ] 16 trained CON 31 ± 2 ET Marathon 42.2 km Acute n.r. Plasma Immediately and 2 h after exercise Increase of IL-6 (62.0-fold), IL-1 receptor antagonist (23.0-fold), TNF-α (2.0-fold), and IL-1β (1.5-fold) plasma levels immediately after exercise Ostrowski et al., 1999 [106 ] 10 trained CON 28 ± 5 ET Marathon 42.2 km Acute n.r. Plasma Immediately, and every 30 min until 4 h after exercise Increase of IL-6 plasma levels (128.0-fold) peaked immediately after exercise and increase of IL-1 receptor antagonist (39.0-fold), TNF-α (2.0-fold), and IL-1β (2-fold) plasma levels peaked 1 h after exercise Starkie et al., 2001 [107 ] 5 trained CON n.r. ET Marathon 150–200 min Acute n.r. Plasma Immediately, 2 h and 24 h after exercise Increase of IL-6 and TNF-α plasma levels
Oliveira and Gleeson, 2010 [65 ] 9 trained CON 25 ± 5 ET Cycling 90 min Acute 75% Plasma Immediately, 2 and 4 h after exercise Decrease of monocyte TLR4 protein content expression immediately (32%) and 1 h (45%) after exercise Galpin et al., 2012 [84 ] 9 trained CON n.r. RT Dynamic pull exercise 15 sets × 3 repetitions Acute 85% 1-RM Muscle During and immediately after exercise Increase of MAPK (3-fold) and JNK (2.4-fold) phosphorylation Suzuki et al., 2000 [108 ] 16 trained CON n.r. ET Marathon n.r. Acute n.r. Plasma Immediately after exercise Increase of IL-6 and IL-1 receptor antagonist plasma levels by 100-fold, decrease of IL-2 by 32% after exercise Boppart et al., 2000 [83 ] 14 trained CON 32 ± 2 ET Marathon 42.2 km Acute n.r. Muscle Immediately, 1 day, 3 days and 5 days after exercise Increase of JNK activity immediately after exercise (5-fold), but diminished in the following days Aronson et al., 1998 [82 ] 8 CON 30 ± 12 ET Cycling 60 min Acute 70% Muscle Immediately after exercise Increase of JNK activity immediately after exercise (6-fold) Punyadeera et al., 2005 [87 ] 10 trained CON 23 ± 1 ET Cycling 120 min Acute 50% Plasma & muscle Immediately and 2 h after exercise No change in adiponectin plasma levels and adiponectin receptor expression in muscle Jürimäe et al., 2006 [86 ] 8 trained CON 63 ± 1 ET Rowing 6.5 km Acute 76% Plasma Immediately and 30 min after exercise Increase of adiponectin plasma levels (15%) 30 min after exercise Fatouros et al., 2005 [93 ] 50 untrained CON 65–78 RT Weight machine 3 × 60 min Chronic (24 weeks) 3-4 sets of 4–12 repetitions with 45–85% of 1-RM Plasma 48 h after exercise Increase of adiponectin plasma levels in high-intensity group (60%) and medium-intensity group (18%), still elevated in HI group after 24 weeks of detraining (32%) Kriketos et al., 2004 [88 ] 19 sedentary obese CON 37 ± 1 ET Brisk walking/jogging 4-5 × 40 min Chronic (10 weeks) 55–70% Plasma 48 h after exercise Increase of adiponectin plasma levels by 230% Lim et al., 2008 [89 ] 36 CON (young), 22 ± 3 ET Cycling 3 × 60 min Chronic (10 weeks) 70% Plasma Immediately after exercise Increase of adiponectin plasma levels in young (20%) and middle-aged women (27%) Kondo et al., 2006 [92 ] 8 untrained obese CON, 18 ± 1 ET Walking/jogging 4-5 × 30 min Chronic (28 weeks) 60–70% HRR Plasma Immediately after exercise Increase of adiponectin plasma levels in obese CON (75%) and no change in lean CON; α plasma levels in obese CON (37%) and no change in lean CON Rodriguez-Miguelez et al., 2014 [66 ] 16 untrained CON 70 ± 1 RT Leg press, pec deck, biceps curl 2 × 3 sets per 3 exercises Chronic (8 weeks) 50–80% 1-RM Plasma 5-6 days after training Decrease of TLR2 and TLR4 protein content expression and no change in TNF-α protein content; O’Leary et al., 2006 [90 ] 16 untrained obese CON 63 ± 1 ET Running/cycling 5 × 60 min Chronic (12 weeks) 85% Plasma 18 h after exercise No change in adiponectin plasma levels Kadoglou et al., 2007 [78 ] 30 untrained T2D 57 ± 7 ET Walking, running, cycling 4 × 45–60 min Chronic (16 weeks) 50–85% Plasma 48 h after exercise Decrease of IL-6 (33%) and IL-18 (40%) plasma levels in T2D after exercise Leick et al., 2007 [79 ] 13 untrained obese CON, 36 ± 4 ET Cycling 90–120 min Acute 60–70% Adipose tissue Immediately, 2 and 10 h after exercise No change of IL-18 mRNA expression after acute exercise in each time point; Sriwijitkamol, et al., 2006 [63 ] 8 untrained CON, 36 ± 3 ET Cycling 4 × 45 min Chronic (8 weeks) 70% Muscle 24–36 h after exercise Increase in Iκ Bα und Iκ Bβ protein in CON and T2D (50%) and decrease of TNFα protein content in T2D (40%) Gray et al., 2009 [109 ] 24 untrained CON 49 ± 9 ET Community-based walking 5 times Chronic (12 weeks) >3000 steps per day Plasma n.r. No change in IL-6, TNF-α and hs-CRP plasma levels
