Shear Stress-Normal Stress (Pressure) Ratio Decides Forming Callus in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy

Table 1

Patient characteristics for each metatarsal head observation.

	1st metatarsal head			2nd metatarsal head			5th metatarsal head
	Noncallus formation group	Callus formation group	value	Noncallus formation group	Callus formation group	value	Noncallus formation group	Callus formation group	value
Number of feet	42	13		56	16		58	21
Patient characteristics
Age (y)			0.450^1			0.517^1			0.471^1
Sex			0.053^2			0.00			0.599^2
Male	20 (47.6)	2 (15.4)		30 (53.6)	2 (12.5)		38 (65.5)	12 (57.1)
Female	22 (52.4)	11 (84.6)		26 (46.4)	14 (87.5)		20 (34.5)	9 (42.9)
Height (m)			0.133^1			0.289^1			0.504^1
Weight (kg)			0.999^1			0.00			0.595^1
BMI			0.495^1			0.068^1			0.856^1
HbA1c: NGSP (%)			0.134^1			<0.00			0.507^1
HbA1c: IFCC
(mmol/mol)
Diabetes duration (y)			0.683^1			0.143^1			0.986^1
Monofilament test	5 (11.9)	1 (7.7)	1.000^2	4 (7.1)	0 (0.0)	1.000^2	5 (8.6)	4 (19.0)	0.236^2
(abnormal)
History of diabetic	2 (4.8)	0 (0.0)	1.000^2	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)		2 (3.4)	0 (0.0)	1.000^2
Foot ulcer
Deformity	9 (21.4)	10 (76.9)	<0.00	7 (12.5)	7 (43.8)	0.01	8 (13.8)	5 (23.8)	0.314^2
Angiopathy	2 (4.8)	1 (7.7)	0.562^2	2 (3.6)	1 (6.3)	0.535^2	4 (6.9)	1 (4.8)	1.000^2

Mean ± SD, (%) -test, isher’s exact test.