Development and Evaluation of a Computer-Based, Self-Management Tool for People Recently Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes
Table 2
Primary and secondary outcomes: pre- and postintervention questionnaire data according to randomisation.
Control
Intervention
Mean difference (CI)
Baseline
Week 12
Baseline
Week 12
Primary outcomes
ADKnowl: overall score
60 (14.3)
64 (14.2)
62 (13.8)
67 (10.4)
1.7 (−1.7, 5.1)
0.37
ADKnowl: diet and food (item-set 10, 11, 12)
59 (16.0)
60 (18.4)
62 (17.4)
67 (15.8)
5.1 (−0.9, 11.1)
0.09
ADKnowl: effects of physical activity (item-set 8, 9)
40 (26.7)
42 (27.3)
41 (26.2)
47 (24.5)
5.2 (−2.9, 13.4)
0.31
ADKnowl: reducing the risk of complications (item-set 1, 15, 16, 17)
88 (13.1)
89 (12.6)
89 (12.2)
89 (10.4)
−0.7 (−5, 3.6)
0.76
DES5: setting and achieving goals (items 5–14)
3.8 (0.5)
3.8 (0.6)
3.6 (0.8)
3.8 (0.5)
0 (−.29, .29)
0.99
Secondary outcomes
Diabetes obstacles questionnaire (knowledge and beliefs scale)
3.4 (0.5)
3.3 (0.6)
3.1 (0.6)
3.5 (1.0)
0.4 (0.1, 0.7)
0.01
ADDQoL: average weighted impact score
−0.9 (1.0)
−0.6 (0.8)
−1.2 (1.3)
−1.0 (1.3)
−0.3 (−0.7, 0.2)
0.28
PHQ-9: overall score
6.2 (5.9)
5.3 (4.7)
8.3 (7.9)
8.0 (8.1)
3.4 (−0.2, 6.7)
0.15
SF36 health survey: overall score
60 (23.8)
69 (18.0)
63 (27.9)
63 (30.4)
−4.8 (−10.4, 0.7)
0.09
SF36 health survey: mental health
69 (20.5)
70 (17.0)
65 (24.1)
61 (28.7)
−4.7 (−10.8, 1.4)
0.90
SF36 health survey: physical health
55 (25.2)
61 (18.4)
61 (26.8)
60 (29.5)
−3.9 (−9.0, 1.0)
0.12
SF36 health survey subscale: physical function
62 (31.1)
68 (26.9)
73 (29.7)
73 (31.9)
−0.6 (−7.7, 6.4)
0.86
SF36 health survey subscale: role limitations due to physical health
54 (44.4)
72 (38.6)
66 (44.2)
61 (47.1)
−14.9 (−29.3, −0.6)
0.04
SF36 health survey subscale: general health
53 (23.4)
58 (18.1)
55 (26.3)
55 (27)
−1.7 (−8.3, 4.8)
0.59
SF36 health survey subscale: vitality
48 (22.9)
52 (21.1)
51 (24.5)
51 (24.6)
−1.6 (−8.5, 5.3)
0.65
SF36 health survey subscale: social functioning
73 (28)
87 (20.1)
74 (31.7)
73 (34.7)
−12.2 (−20.8, −3.6)
0.006
SF36 health survey subscale: role limitations due to mental health
64 (41.8)
81 (36.5)
60 (46.7)
62 (48.2)
−11.7 (−28.5, 5.1)
0.17
Percent of items correct (SD). Diabetes Empowerment Scale, scored from 1 to 5; a lower score indicates greater goal setting ability/confidence. Scored from −9 (maximum negative impact) to +9 (maximum positive impact). Patient Health Questionnaire (depression) score; a higher score indicates higher severity of depression. value, between-group comparison at week 12, adjusted for baseline (ANCOVA). Within group change, < 0.05 (paired samples -test).
