Lactic Acidosis in Diabetic Population: Is Metformin Implicated? Results of a Matched Case-Control Study Performed on the Type 2 Diabetes Population of Grenoble Hospital University

Table 3

Descriptive analysis of patients with () and without () AKI.

Variables	⁢Patients with an AKI		⁢Patients without an AKI
	Cases (%); ()	Controls (%); ()	Cases (%); ()	Controls (%); ()
Demographic characteristics
Age, mean (SD)	70.34 (11.24)	74.21 (11.55)	68.06 (13.06)	68.75 (11.85)
Male	108 (58.7)	47 (58.8)	49 (41.5)	217 (41.4)
Chronic medical condition
CKD	66 (35.9)	52 (65.0)	29 (24.6)	172 (32.8)
Mild-moderate	47 (25.5)	42 (52.5)	19 (65.5)	142 (82.6)
Severe-end stage	19 (10.3)	10 (12.5)	10 (34.5)	30 (17.4)
Hepatocellular dysfunction	32 (17.4)	7 (8.8)	15 (12.7)	32 (6.1)
Chronic respiratory failure	45 (24.5)	22 (27.5)	39 (33.1)	105 (20.0)
Heart failure	47 (25.5)	26 (32.5)	35 (29.7)	68 (13.0)
Neoplasia	0	1 (0.5)	21 (17.8)	70 (13.4)
Mitochondrial dysfunction	17 (9.2)	11 (13.8)	1 (0.9)	0
Pyridoxine deficit	2 (1.1)	1 (1.3)	1 (0.9)	12 (2.3)
Concomitant therapies
ACE inhibitors	50 (27.2)	34 (42.5)	31 (26.3)	152 (29.0)
ARA	45 (24.5)	20 (25.0)	20 (17.0)	135 (25.8)
Diuretics	95 (51.6)	49 (61.3)	55 (46.6)	272 (51.9)
ARV	1 (0.5)	1 (1.3)	0	4 (0.8)
NSAID	11 (6.0)	1 (1.3)	3 (2.5)	11 (2.1)
Metformin	75 (40.8)	25 (31.3)	36 (30.5)	251 (47.9)
Insulin	73 (39.7)	40 (50.0)	56 (47.5)	228 (43.5)
Iodinated CM	20 (10.9)	5 (6.3)	17 (14.4)	12 (2.3)
Intercurrent diseases
Shock	112 (60.9)	6 (7.5)	37 (31.4)	2 (0.4)
Severe anemia	38 (20.7)	5 (6.3)	19 (16.1)	14 (2.7)
Dehydration	30 (16.3)	10 (12.5)	5 (4.3)	7 (1.3)
Acute hepatic failure	55 (29.9)	3 (3.8)	9 (7.6)	7 (1.7)
Acute respiratory failure	94 (51.1)	12 (15.0)	62 (52.2)	29 (5.5)
Myocardial infarction	21 (11.4)	5 (6.3)	11 (9.3)	11 (2.1)
Acute decompensated heart failure	80 (43.5)	18 (22.5)	50 (42.4)	27 (5.2)
Sepsis	93 (50.5)	13 (16.3)	41 (34.8)	36 (6.9)
Convulsions	10 (5.4)	3 (3.8)	11 (9.3)	5 (1.0)
Intense muscle effort	2 (1.1)	0	4 (3.4)	0
Acute artery occlusion	23 (12.5)	4 (5.0)	7 (5.9)	24 (4.6)
Death	94 (51.1)	10 (12.5)	52 (44.1)	16 (3.1)