Metabolic Health Has Greater Impact on Diabetes than Simple Overweight/Obesity in Mexican Americans
Table 1
Cohort demographics and metabolic characteristics stratified by overweight/obese type and metabolic health status: Cameron County Health Cohort Study (2003–2014)1,2.
Variable
Metabolically healthy
Metabolically unhealthy
P value
Total
Normal weight
Overweight/obese
Normal weight
Overweight/obese
()
(, 14.63%)
(, 49.09%)
(, 2.22%)
(, 34.06%)
Categorical variables, (%)
Men
1108 (34.11)
139 (28.64)
544 (38.09)
25 (33.75)
400 (33.63)
0.054
Employed
1618 (49.83)
242 (50.95)
822 (51.57)
25 (34.72)
529 (47.83)
0.03
Education, below high school
1693 (52.14)
195 (41.05)
813 (51.00)
37 (51.39)
648 (58.59)
<0.0001
Met minimum recommendations for physical activity of ≥ 600 MET-minutes/week
337 (10.38)
48 (10.11)
192 (12.05)
1 (1.39)
96 (8.68)
0.02
Met recommendations of ≥ 5 servings of fruit and vegetables per day
113 (3.48)
9 (1.89)
67 (4.20)
4 (5.56)
33 (2.98)
0.32
Current smokers
495 (15.24)
64 (13.47)
222 (13.93)
14 (19.44)
195 (17.63)
0.02
Ever smokers
984 (30.3)
119 (25.05)
478 (29.99)
21 (29.17)
366 (33.09)
0.0003
Ever alcohol drinkers
1230 (37.88)
186 (39.16)
601 (37.70)
20 (27.78)
423 (38.25)
0.79
Family history of diabetes
1749 (53.87)
165 (34.74)
876 (54.96)
41 (56.94)
667 (60.31)
<0.0001
Continuous variables, mean (SE)
Age at enrollment (years)
46.00 (0.68)
40.59 (1.90)
44.57 (0.78)
53.96 (3.04)
49.80 (1.27)
<0.0001
Annual household income (US dollars)
22360 (872.29)
19617 (1724.54)
24563 (1284.32)
14043 (1351.98)
20561 (1084.07)
<0.0001
Years of education
10.41 (0.15)
11.58 (0.39)
10.71 (0.17)
10.24 (0.69)
9.56 (0.25)
<0.0001
MET minutes/wk. of all activity
1913.02 (384.71)
1393.1 (445.87)
2384.2 (646.06)
167.15 (107.01)
1447.24 (591.89)
0.0002
MET minutes/wk. of moderate and vigorous activity
1217.83 (154.52)
1115.31 (261.88)
1572.37 (274.14)
67.47 (48.29)
768.36 (151.68)
<0.0001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
183.58 (1.14)
176.41 (2.62)
182.76 (1.67)
188.24 (7.55)
187.66 (1.85)
<0.0001
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
162.37 (3.62)
98.8 (3.25)
124.83 (3.51)
195.41 (13.61)
238.58 (7.11)
<0.0001
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
46.45 (0.38)
53.73 (1.06)
49.41 (0.44)
42.67 (1.32)
39.64 (0.45)
<0.0001
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
107.38 (1.00)
103.14 (2.28)
109.86 (1.49)
108.64 (6.82)
105.83 (1.72)
0.06
Body mass index (kg/m2)
30.99 (0.21)
22.44 (0.16)
31.56 (0.24)
22.53 (0.47)
34.08 (0.32)
<0.0001
Waist circumference (cm)
102.87 (0.47)
84.69 (0.91)
103.35 (0.52)
86.98 (0.91)
110.3 (0.67)
<0.0001
Waist-to-hip ratio
0.93 (0.002)
0.88 (0.01)
0.93 (0.003)
0.89 (0.01)
0.96 (0.003)
<0.0001
Body fat (%)
35.59 (0.47)
25.80 (0.88)
36.51 (0.65)
27.69 (3.39)
38.33 (0.76)
<0.0001
C-reactive protein (mg/L)
3.90 (1.04)
1.48 (1.08)
2.18 (1.09)
2.77 (1.27)
5.75 (1.05)
<0.0001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
116.92 (0.55)
107.53 (1.38)
113.3 (0.54)
126.04 (3.38)
125.42 (0.99)
<0.0001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
71.19 (0.32)
66.24 (1.18)
70.07 (0.35)
71.89 (1.51)
74.83 (0.57)
<0.0001
Insulin (mg/dL)3
12.55 (1.02)
7.69 (1.06)
11.47 (1.02)
9.12 (1.14)
17.29 (1.03)
<0.0001
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)3
105.64 (1.01)
93.69 (1.01)
101.49 (1.01)
111.05 (1.06)
119.10 (1.02)
<0.0001
HOMA IR3
3.29 (1.02)
1.82 (1.07)
2.89 (1.02)
2.53 (1.17)
5.05 (1.03)
<0.0001
HbA1c (%)3
5.53 (1.01)
5.05 (1.02)
5.31 (1.01)
6.23 (1.04)
5.93 (1.02)
<0.0001
1LDL: low-density lipoprotein; Hb: hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HOMA IR: homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance; MET: metabolic equivalent. 2All descriptive results and the models were adjusted for the probability of sampling using weights taking into consideration clustering effects arising from the same census block and household. Linear regression models were used for continuous variables and Rao-Scott adjusted chi-square statistic for categorical variables. 3Geometric concentrations.
