Xerostomia, Hyposalivation, and Salivary Flow in Diabetes Patients

Table 2

Xerostomia prevalence studies.

Author, publication year, country	Study population (DM/CG)	Mean age (years) DM/CG	Type of diabetes	DM diagnosis	Definition of xerostomia	Xerostomia DM/CG%	Significant association	Matched variables (DM/CG)	JBI scoring
() Studies in adults T2DM
Vasconcelos et al. 2010,; Brazil [7]	40/40; (i) DM: endocrinology service of center for specialized medical care; (ii) CG: Stomatology Clinic of School of Dentistry; (iii) Smokers, drinkers, pregnant, edentulous, receptors of salivary gland surgery, radiotherapy of the head and neck region, Sjögren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, or lupus erythematosus excluded	57.7 ± 8.9/50.2 ± 12.3	T2DM	NS	Does your mouth feel dry frequently?	12.5%/2.5%	No	Gender; Age	3
Bernardi et al. 2007,; Brazil [8]	82/18; (i) DM: diabetic care unit of a local hospital; (ii) CG: oral health center (same city); (iii) Those using total prostheses and mouth breathers were excluded.; (iv) WCDM: HbA1 ≤ 8% (23%); (v) PCDM: HbA1 > 8% (77%)	PC 54.3 ± 10.1; WC 63.6 ± 12.3; CG 57.7 ± 15.6	T2DM	WHO criteria 2006; Fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 126 mg/dL	Does your mouth usually feel dry?	52.43%/0%; WCDM = 47%; PCDM = 54%	Yes	Age	4
Sandberg et al. 2001,; Sweden [10], and Sandberg et al. 2000,; Sweden [9]	102/102; (i) DM: diabetes register in Primary Health Care; (ii) CG: Public dental service clinics as the diabetic patients visited for the clinical examination	64.8 ± 8.4/64.9 ± 8.5	T2DM	NS	Patient’s subjective feeling of dry mouth	53.5%/28.4%	Yes	Age; Gender	5
Chavez et al. 2000,; USA [18]	29/23; (i) DM: community-living and geriatric center; (ii) CG: geriatric center; (iii) Only dentate adults; (iv) WCDM: HbA1 ≤ 9% (); (v) PCDM: HbA1 ≥ 9% ()	(i) Mean age NS; (ii) Divided into ≤71 years (14/9) and >71 years (15/14)	T2DM	Blood glucose levels ≥ 140 mg/dL at 2 hours after oral glucose tolerance test	Does your mouth frequently feel dry?; Does your mouth feel dry when you are eating a meal?; Do you have difficulties swallowing foods if you eat without additional fluids?	Data not shown	No	Age; Gender; Race distribution	2
() Studies in adults NIDDM
Zielinski et al. 2002,; USA [11]	32/40; (i) DM/CG: Center for Aging at the University Medicine and Dentistry School; (ii) Dentate patients with no fewer than 10 teeth present. Patients with a diagnosis of severe dementia and those taking anticoagulants, needing antibiotic prophylaxis or taking antibiotics on the day of examination were excluded.	71 ± 7/74 ± 8	NIDDM	NS	Does your mouth frequently feel dry?; Does your mouth feel dry when you are eating a meal?; Do you have difficulties swallowing foods if you eat without additional fluids?; Response ≥ 2 diagnosis of dry mouth	50%/30%	No	Gender; Age; Diuretics Antidepressants use	3
() Studies in children and adolescents T1DM
Javed et al. 2009,; Pakistan [12]	48/40; (i) DM: diabetic care unit of a local hospital; (ii) CG: oral health centre; (iii) Smokers, hepatitis B or C, AIDS, HIV, and narcotic drug used are excluded; (iv) WCDM: HbA1 levels < 6.5 (); (v) PCDM: HbA1 levels ≥ 6.5 ()	15 (10–19)/14.6 (10–19)	T1DM	NS	Does your mouth usually feel dry, especially during meals?	WCDM = 80%; PCDM = 100%; CG = 0%	Yes (DM/CG)	Socioeconomic status	3

DM, diabetes mellitus; WCDM, well controlled diabetes mellitus; PCDM, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus; CG, control group; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; NIDDM, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; JBI, Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool.