Calpain-Calcineurin-Nuclear Factor Signaling and the Development of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Valvular Heart Disease and Diabetes

Figure 1

The mRNA expressions of calpain 2, CaN, and NFATs in left atrial tissues isolated from patients with AF and SR. In comparison with SR subjects, significantly increased mRNA levels of calpain 2 (% versus %, ), CnA α (% versus %, ), CnA β (% versus %, ), and NFAT-c3 (% versus %, ), but not NFAT-c4 (% versus %, ), were observed in patients with AF. versus SR. AF indicates atrial fibrillation; CnA alpha and CnA beta indicate α and β isoforms of catalytic A subunit in calcineurin; NFAT indicates nuclear factor of activated T cells; SR indicates sinus rhythm.