Nanoparticle Delivered Human Biliverdin Reductase-Based Peptide Increases Glucose Uptake by Activating IRK/Akt/GSK3 Axis: The Peptide Is Effective in the Cell and Wild-Type and Diabetic Ob/Ob Mice

Figure 2

P2-nanoparticles induce glucose uptake in cells. (a) Nanoparticle delivery of peptide P2 (KYCCSRK) to human skeletal muscle (HSKM) cells stimulates glucose uptake. HSKM cells were grown in low glucose, low FBS medium overnight; then media were replaced with PBS containing 1% BSA for 1 h. Cells were pretreated for 2 h with 20 μM myristoylated P2 or with 10 or 20 μM P2-nanoparticles, followed by measuring ³H-deoxyglucose uptake over a 15 min interval. Insulin, when used, was added at the same time as ³H-deoxyglucose. Each value is the mean ± sem of five samples. , . (b) Time course of glucose uptake stimulation by P2. HSKM cells were starved overnight as in (a). Medium was changed to glucose-free DMEM with 1% BSA for 1 h prior to treatment with 20 μM myr-P2 or with P2-nanoparticles for the indicated times. Glucose uptake was measured as in (a), with each value being the mean ± sem of five samples. (c) P2-nanoparticles affect glucose uptake in HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were starved in low glucose DMEM with 0.1% FBS overnight. Treatment with peptide nanoparticles was for 1 h. Glucose uptake was measured as in (a).

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