The Association between HbA1c and Cardiovascular Disease Markers in a Remote Indigenous Australian Community with and without Diagnosed Diabetes

Table 3

Odds ratios (OR) of comorbidities for participants with and without a prior diabetes diagnosis stratified by HbA1c% categories.

		Without a prior diabetes diagnosis							With a prior diagnosis of diabetes
		<5.7	5.7–5.9		6.0–6.4		≥6.5		4.9–15.6
		OR	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Microalbuminuria
Unadjusted	989	1	1.31	(0.94–1.82)	2.65	(1.80–3.91)	4.28	(2.28–8.03)	5.81	(3.48–9.68)
Age and sex adjusted	989	1	1.10	(0.78–1.55)	1.73	(1.14–2.62)	2.28	(1.16–4.47)	2.22	(1.25–3.95)
Final model	981	1	1.06	(0.75–1.51)	1.53	(0.99–2.34)	1.89	(0.94–3.80)	1.76	(0.95–3.26)
Macroalbuminuria
Unadjusted	823	1	1.23	(0.70–2.19)	4.76	(2.74–8.28)	10.25	(4.81–21.81)	28.58	(15.89–51.41)
Age and sex adjusted	823	1	0.91	(0.50–1.65)	2.81	(1.55–5.09)	5.07	(2.25–11.41)	10.27	(5.30–19.93)
Final model	814	1	1.01	(0.53–1.90)	1.97	(1.02–3.83)	3.14	(1.26–7.82)	6.05	(2.86–12.77)
Hypertension
Unadjusted	1187	1	1.43	(0.98–2.08)	2.97	(1.99–4.42)	3.83	(2.19–6.68)	11.55	(7.54–17.69)
Age and sex adjusted	1187	1	1.14	(0.76–1.71)	1.79	(1.14–2.81)	1.82	(0.96–3.45)	4.84	(2.92–8.03)
Final model	1159	1	1.12	(0.73–1.71)	1.34	(0.82–2.17)	0.97	(0.48–1.95)	2.86	(1.66–4.95)
Dyslipidaemia
Unadjusted	1187	1	1.36	(1.01–1.84)	3.08	(2.17–4.38)	5.11	(2.93–8.92)	9.19	(5.91–14.27)
Age and sex adjusted	1187	1	1.22	(0.90–1.67)	2.38	(1.64–3.46)	3.51	(1.95–6.30)	5.27	(3.23–8.58)
Final model	1183	1	1.21	(0.88–1.66)	1.97	(1.34–2.90)	2.37	(1.29–4.34)	3.34	(1.99–5.60)
Number of clinic visits in the previous 12 months
High (>15)
Unadjusted	717	1	1.58	(1.00–2.48)	3.10	(1.87–5.11)	4.07	(1.88–8.80)	8.72	(5.08–14.98)
Age and sex adjusted	717	1	1.35	(0.84–2.17)	1.94	(1.12–3.35)	1.94	(0.84–4.48)	3.48	(1.86–6.49)
Final model	705	1	1.52	(0.94–2.46)	1.83	(1.04–3.24)	2.25	(0.91–5.59)	2.47	(1.25–4.88)
Moderate (5–15)
Unadjusted	976	1	1.17	(0.86–1.60)	1.71	(1.17–2.50)	2.92	(1.59–5.34)	3.05	(1.91–4.85)
Age and sex adjusted	976	1	1.10	(0.80–1.50)	1.42	(0.96–2.12)	2.10	(1.11–3.95)	1.95	(1.16–3.30)
Final model	965	1	1.13	(0.82–1.55)	1.42	(0.95–2.13)	2.52	(1.26–4.99)	1.96	(1.12–3.41)

OR, odds ratio.
Age, sex, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, current smoking status, and hypertensive medication were included in the final model.
Age, sex, waist circumference, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and current smoking status were included in the final model.
Age, sex, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, current smoking status, and hypertensive medication were included in the final model.
Compared with participants with normal ACR levels (<3.4).
Hypertension was defined if the participant had a previous diagnosis of hypertension in their health records, was taking antihypertensive medication, or had elevated levels in the baseline examination (≥140 mmHg systolic, ≥90 mmHg diastolic).
Dyslipidaemia was defined by a previous diagnosis of high cholesterol, taking high cholesterol management medication, or having total cholesterol ≥ 5.5 mmol/L or HDL < 1.0 mmol/L.
Compared with participants with low number of clinic visits in the previous 12 months (<5).