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| Author, year | Study duration (months) | Country | Group size (usual care versus intervention) | Intervention strategy | Results |
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1 |
Barrera et al., 2012 [69] | 12 | USA | 138 | 142 | Culturally adapted diabetes intervention | Improvement in sources for dietary practice, problem solving, and physical activity |
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2 |
Farmer et al., 2012 [63] | 5 | UK | 81 | 114 | Intervention on adherence, reinforcement of positive belief by nurse | Percentage of adherence days in intervention group was 77.4 and usual care group was 69% |
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3 |
Keogh et al., 2011 [65] | 6 | Ireland | 61 | 60 | Motivational interviewing | Significant lower A1C Levels (0.66%), significant improvements in beliefs about diabetes, psychological well-being, diet, exercise, and family support |
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4 |
DePue et al., 2013 [59], Sinclair et al., 2013 [62], Spencer et al., 2011 [60] | 3–12 | American Samoa, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific People | 34–134 | 48–134 | Community nurse intervention on self-management among diabetes patients | Significant reduction in HbA1c (0.5%–1.1%), understanding of diabetes self-management, and performing diabetes self-management |
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5 |
Fischer et al., 2012 [67] | 20 | USA | 381 | 381 | Nurses independently initiated and titrated lipid therapy and promoted behavioural change through motivational interviewing and self-management techniques | Percentage of patients achieving target LDL increased in intervention group |
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6 |
Williams et al. 2012 [71], Quinn et al., 2011 [70] | 6–12 | Australia and USA | 60–82 | 60–81 | Nutrition, blood glucose monitoring, medication taking, and lifestyle through telephone | Significant improvement in HbA1c (0.8%–1.9%) and health related quality of life |
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7 |
Kang et al., 2010 [66] | 6 | USA and Taiwan | 28 | 28 | Psychological family intervention by healthcare professionals (nurse, pharmacist, physician, physiotherapist, dietitians, foot therapist, and social workers) | Statistically significant improvements in HbA1c (1.35%), beliefs about diabetes, psychological well-being, diet, exercise, and family support |
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8 |
Chen et al., 2012 [64] | 3 | Taiwan | 111 | 104 | Motivational interview using Miller and Rollnick’s (2002) approach. Intervention based on readiness to change | Improvement in self-management, self-efficacy, quality of life, and HbA1c (0.8%) |
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9 |
Wu et al., 2011 [61] | 6 | Taiwan | 73 | 72 | Self-management programmes by nurses | The scores for efficacy expectations, outcome expectations, and self-care activities had significantly increased in the intervention group at the 3- and 6-month follow-ups |
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10 |
Adachi et al., 2013 [41] | 6 | Japan | 93 | 100 | Dietician in primary care | Increased intake of vegetable and reduced intake of mean energy intake and HbA1c reduction of 0.7% |
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11 |
Weinger et al., 2011 [68] | 12 | USA | 96 & 92 | 94 | Nurse and dietician trained to use brief behavioural cognitive strategies | Improvements in reduction of HbA1c to 0.8% |
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12 |
Yang et al., 2013 [12] | 84 (7 years) | China | 68 | 70 | Diet, exercise, BP, cholesterol, and glycaemic by endocrinologist in hospital | Reduction in macrovascular outcomes |
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