A Narrative Review of Diabetes Intervention Studies to Explore Diabetes Care Opportunities for Pharmacists

Table 2

RCT studies led by healthcare professionals other than pharmacists grouped together according to type of interventions.

	Author, year	Study duration (months)	Country	⁢Group size (usual care versus ⁢⁢intervention)		Intervention strategy	Results
1	Barrera et al., 2012 [69]	12	USA	138	142	Culturally adapted diabetes intervention	Improvement in sources for dietary practice, problem solving, and physical activity
2	Farmer et al., 2012 [63]	5	UK	81	114	Intervention on adherence, reinforcement of positive belief by nurse	Percentage of adherence days in intervention group was 77.4 and usual care group was 69%
3	Keogh et al., 2011 [65]	6	Ireland	61	60	Motivational interviewing	Significant lower A1C Levels (0.66%), significant improvements in beliefs about diabetes, psychological well-being, diet, exercise, and family support
4	DePue et al., 2013 [59],; Sinclair et al., 2013 [62],; Spencer et al., 2011 [60]	3–12	American Samoa, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific People	34–134	48–134	Community nurse intervention on self-management among diabetes patients	Significant reduction in HbA1c (0.5%–1.1%), understanding of diabetes self-management, and performing diabetes self-management
5	Fischer et al., 2012 [67]	20	USA	381	381	Nurses independently initiated and titrated lipid therapy and promoted behavioural change through motivational interviewing and self-management techniques	Percentage of patients achieving target LDL increased in intervention group
6	Williams et al. 2012 [71],; Quinn et al., 2011 [70]	6–12	Australia and USA	60–82	60–81	Nutrition, blood glucose monitoring, medication taking, and lifestyle through telephone	Significant improvement in HbA1c (0.8%–1.9%) and health related quality of life
7	Kang et al., 2010 [66]	6	USA and Taiwan	28	28	Psychological family intervention by healthcare professionals (nurse, pharmacist, physician, physiotherapist, dietitians, foot therapist, and social workers)	Statistically significant improvements in HbA1c (1.35%), beliefs about diabetes, psychological well-being, diet, exercise, and family support
8	Chen et al., 2012 [64]	3	Taiwan	111	104	Motivational interview using Miller and Rollnick’s (2002) approach. Intervention based on readiness to change	Improvement in self-management, self-efficacy, quality of life, and HbA1c (0.8%)
9	Wu et al., 2011 [61]	6	Taiwan	73	72	Self-management programmes by nurses	The scores for efficacy expectations, outcome expectations, and self-care activities had significantly increased in the intervention group at the 3- and 6-month follow-ups
10	Adachi et al., 2013 [41]	6	Japan	93	100	Dietician in primary care	Increased intake of vegetable and reduced intake of mean energy intake and HbA1c reduction of 0.7%
11	Weinger et al., 2011 [68]	12	USA	96 & 92	94	Nurse and dietician trained to use brief behavioural cognitive strategies	Improvements in reduction of HbA1c to 0.8%
12	Yang et al., 2013 [12]	84 (7 years)	China	68	70	Diet, exercise, BP, cholesterol, and glycaemic by endocrinologist in hospital	Reduction in macrovascular outcomes