A Narrative Review of Diabetes Intervention Studies to Explore Diabetes Care Opportunities for Pharmacists

Table 3

Pharmacist led diabetes intervention RCT studies grouped together according to types of intervention.

	Country	Duration (month)	⁢Group size control versus ⁢intervention		Types of intervention	Pharmacist participants	Results
1	Pakistan [75]	5	170	178	Education and glycaemic control	Clinical pharmacists with minimum experience of 3 years in hospital setting	Reduced body mass index and waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, and HbA1c (−1.01%). Increase in compliance, foot care, and SMBG
2	Nigeria and Hong Kong [76, 77]	9–12	54–110	51–110	Education, lifestyle, and medication	Experienced hospital pharmacists	Improved quality of life significant reduction in CVD risk, HbA1c levels (1.57%), LDL, and increased level of medication understanding
3	Brazil, Jordan, Belgium, and USA [78, 80, 82, 85–88]	6–14	23–2303	23–1797	Education and medication	Community pharmacists with minimum of 4 years of experience in diabetes management, board-certified pharmacotherapy specialists trained in diabetes	Significant reduction of HbA1c (0.5%–1.6%), FBG, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, TGL, BP and increase in HDL, improvement in self-management, and medication adherence
4	Iran [47]	3	87	87	Education	Clinical pharmacists	Improvements in FBG and HbA1c (1.7%)
5	USA [89]	1	39	33	Medication	Clinical pharmacists with 2 years’ experience	No significant difference in HbA1c, LDL, and BP
6	USA [90]	4	28	28	Medication	Clinical pharmacists	Significant improvement in HbA1c (0.9%)
7	Malaysia and USA [79, 91]	9–12	42–201	43–195	Glycaemic control, BP, cholesterol, CVS risk, education, lifestyle, and medication	Experienced clinical pharmacists trained as diabetes pharmacists	Significant improvement in HbA1c (1.7–1.8% reduction) and medication adherence levels
8	Canada [81]	12	93	102	Medication, BP, cholesterol, and glycaemic	Community pharmacists certified as diabetes educators with >5 years of practice experience	Reduction in Framingham risk score, 1.2%
9	USA [84]	3	24	19	Education, lifestyle, and medication	Community pharmacists trained as diabetes pharmacists	Reduction in HbA1c of 0.93% and mean body mass index
10	USA [83]	6	49	50	Medication and behavioural interventions	Community pharmacist certified as diabetes educators	Significant improvements in exercise, foot care, HbA1c (0.41%), LDL, and BP
11	Hawaii [92]	7	62	128	Medication and life coach counselling	Community pharmacists trained as diabetes pharmacists	Significant effect on QOL and body mass index
12	USA [93]	6	24124	5123	Statin, ACE/ARB initiation, and total days of medication supply per month (adherence)	Community pharmacists trained to deliver intervention	Increased adherence and GP initiation of ACE/ARB and statin