Diabetic Microangiopathy Is an Independent Predictor of Incident Diabetic Foot Ulcer
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to the microangiopathy complications category.
All patients
Category 1: NA (DR−)
Category 2: Alb (DR−)
Category 3: NA (DR+)
Category 4: Alb (DR+)
values
Number of patients, (number of men, )
1,305 (904)
712 (472)
195 (156)
185 (112)
213 (164)
Age (years)
59.9 ± 9.1
59.4 ± 8.9
60.1 ± 9.3
61.4 ± 8.8
60.3 ± 9.4
0.03
BMI (kg/m2)
23.8 ± 3.9
23.4 ± 3.6
25.5 ± 4.7
22.8 ± 3.4
24.3 ± 4.1
<0.001
Diabetes mellitus duration (years)
10.3 ± 8.2
8.4 ± 7.3
8.5 ± 7.9
14.3 ± 8.0
15.1 ± 8.6
<0.001
HbA1c (%; NGSP)
9.2 ± 1.8
9.1 ± 1.8
9.2 ± 1.8
9.1 ± 1.5
9.5 ± 1.8
0.0092
Neuropathy, (%)
520 (39.8)
202 (28.4)
67 (34.4)
99 (53.5)
152 (71.4)
<0.001
Angiopathy, (%)
33 (2.5)
11 (1.5)
9 (4.6)
2 (1.1)
11 (5.2)
0.003
Prior cardiovascular disease, (%)
136 (10.4)
49 (6.9)
29 (14.9)
25 (13.5)
33 (15.5)
<0.001
Smoker, , none/past/current
707/276/322
388/153/171
86/53/56
118/30/37
115/40/58
0.011
Treated with insulin, (%)
528 (40.5)
211 (29.6)
66 (33.9)
111 (60.0)
140 (65.7)
<0.001
Diabetic retinopathy, ,
907/259/139
712/0/0
195/0/0
0/125/60
0/134/79
<0.001
none/background/more advanced stage or prior photocoagulation
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
79.3 ± 20.1
80.8 ± 18.3
77.8 ± 22.4
78.9 ± 20.6
75.7 ± 22.5
0.02
Diabetic nephropathy, n, none/microalbuminuria/macroalbuminuria
897/327/81
712/0/0
0/173/22
185/0/0
0/154/59
<0.001
BMI: body mass index; HbA1: glycated hemoglobin; NGSP: National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; NR: normoalbuminuria; Alb: albuminuria; DR: diabetic retinopathy. Data are expressed as the number of patients (%), number of patients, or the means ± standard deviations.
