Research Article

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Diabetic Lower Limb Amputation: A Clinic-Based Case Control Study

Table 3

Summary of risk factors for lower limb amputation amongst the cohort using chi-squared analysis.

Risk factor value, OR [CI]

Acute myocardial infarction = 0.20, 1.8 [0.74–4.16]
Antihypertensive medications = 0.28, 1.8 [0.62–5.32]
Cellulitis = 0.00, 3.3 [1.54–7.21]
Cerebrovascular accidents = 0.07, 2.5 [0.93–6.67]
Charcot’s arthropathy = 0.01, 2.9 [1.29–6.70]
Chronic kidney disease = 0.27, 1.5 [0.72–3.16]
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery = 0.01, 4.1 [1.29–13.17]
Depression = 0.05, 2.2 [0.98–5.10]
Dialysis = 0.62, 1.5 [0.32–6.94]
Dyslipidaemia = 0.04, 3.4 [0.94–12.38]
eGFR < 45 mL/min = 0.08, 2.1 [0.91–4.73]
Foot antibiotics = 0.04, 2.3 [1.03–4.98]
Gastrooesophageal reflux disease (GORD) = 0.34, 1.5 [0.67–3.15]
Haemoglobin < 8 g/dL = 0.46, 1.7 [0.42–6.64]
Hba1c > 7.5% = 0.92, 1.1 [0.40–2.73]
Hypertension = 0.41, 1.6 [0.50–5.43]
Hypoalbuminaemia = 0.73, 0.9 [0.37–1.99]
Indigenous ethnicity = 0.01, 3.1 [1.25–7.92]
Infection severity (mod-severe) = 0.02, 0.4 [0.18–0.89]
Insulin treatment = 0.12, 1.9 [0.85–4.28]
Ischaemic heart disease = 0.24, 1.6 [0.75–3.24]
Ischaemic ulcer type = 0.84, 1.1 [0.52–2.25]
Longer duration of diabetes = 0.03, 2.2 [1.00–4.86]
Male sex = 0.53, 0.8 [0.37–1.66]
Multiple ulcers = 0.15, 0.6 [0.25–1.25]
Nephropathy = 0.15, 1.7 [0.82–3.56]
Neuropathy = 0.03, 3.3 [1.05–10.26]
Obesity = 0.09, 0.5 [0.23–1.13]
Osteomyelitis = 0.00, 3.9 [1.54–10.07]
Peripheral vascular disease = 0.04, 2.6 [1.03–6.55]
Previous history of ulcers = 0.06, 2.1 [0.98–4.41]
Retinopathy = 0.00, 4.4 [1.99–9.59]
Smoking history = 0.49, 0.8 [0.37–1.60]
Statin therapy = 0.06, 2.7 [0.95–7.78]
Type of diabetes = 0.46, 1.4 [0.56–3.65]
Wound classification = 0.93, 1.1 [0.30–3.78]

denotes being statistically significant.