Risk Factors for Macro- and Microvascular Complications among Older Adults with Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: Findings from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing

Table 2

Multivariate binomial regression models exploring independent associations between macrovascular complications and predictor variables.

Predictor	⁢Model 1		⁢Model 2		⁢Model 3
	RR (95% CI)	p	RR (95% CI)	p	RR (95% CI)	p
Age
50–64 years	1		1		1
65–74 years	1.6 (1.0, 2.5)	0.05	1.5 (0.9, 2.4)	0.07	1.6 (1.1, 2.5)	0.04
75+ years	2.0 (1.3, 3.3)	0.003	1.8 (1.1, 4.1)	0.01	2.0 (1.2, 3.2)	0.005
Gender
Male	1		1		1
Female	0.6 (04, 0.9)	0.007	0.6 (0.4, 0.9)	0.009	0.6 (0.4, 0.8)	0.005
Education
Primary/less	1		1		1
Secondary	0.9 (0.6, 1.3)	0.5	0.9 (0.6, 1.4)	0.5	0.9 (0.6, 1.3)	0.6
Third/higher	1.1 (0.7, 1.7)	0.7	1.2 (0.7, 1.8)	0.5	1.1 (0.7, 1.7)	0.7
Duration of diagnosis
0–4 years	1		1		1
5–9 years	1.0 (0.6, 1.7)	0.9	0.9 (0.6, 1.6)	0.9	1.0 (0.6, 1.7)	0.9
10+ years	1.2 (0.8, 1.8)	0.4	1.1 (0.7, 1.6)	0.7	1.1 (0.8, 1.7)	0.5
Ever smoked
No			1		1
Yes			1.7 (1.1, 2.7)	0.02	1.6 (1.1, 2.6)	0.04
Physical activity
Low			1		1
Medium			0.8 (0.6, 1.2)	0.3	0.9 (0.6, 1.2)	0.5
High			0.5 (0.3, 0.9)	0.01	0.5 (0.3, 0.9)	0.03
Previous hypertension
No					1
Yes					1.1 (0.8, 1.7)	0.5
Previous high cholesterol
No					1
Yes					1.7 (1.1, 2.5)	0.008

Indicating report of at least one macrovascular complication (heart attack, congestive heart failure, stroke, or TIA).
Variables entered in Model 1: age, sex, education, and years since diagnosis.
Variables entered in Model 2: age, sex, education, years since diagnosis, smoking status, and physical activity.
Variables entered in Model 3: age, sex, education, years since diagnosis, smoking status, physical activity, doctor diagnosed hypertension, and doctor diagnosed high cholesterol.