Sociodemographic and Clinical Predictors of Self-Management among People with Poorly Controlled Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of Illness Perceptions and Self-Efficacy

Table 1

Bivariate relationships between sociodemographic and disease characteristic variables and psychosocial dependent variables.

Variable	IP score	PDSMS score	Diet SMG	Exercise SMG	SMBG	Foot SMG	Overall SMG
Age	−0.03	−0.02	0.03	−0.12	−0.01	0.24	0.08
Sexpb	0.04	−0.10	0.12	0.03	0.18	0.02	0.16
Marital statusρ	0.16	−0.12	−0.14	−0.16	−0.07	−0.01	−0.11
Educational qualificationρ	−0.16	0.16	−0.09	0.12	−0.01	0.10	−0.02
Ethnicity	0.01	0.03	0.09	0.05	−0.05	0.22	0.12
Employment statusρ	0.23	−0.09	−0.04	−0.20	−0.04	0.08	0.01
Diabetes typeρ	0.19	−0.20	0.06	−0.23	−0.26	0.13	−0.09
Diabetes treatment typeρ	0.21	−0.08	0.05	−0.14	0.39	0.07	0.12
Duration since diagnosis	−0.18	0.19	−0.01	0.05	0.33	0.13	0.18
BMI statusρ	0.21	−0.13	−0.08	−0.19	−0.16	0.15	−0.10
HbA1c (%) categoriesρ	−0.12	0.18	−0.18	0.22	0.07	0.04	0.10
BP statuspb	0.07	−0.01	0.12	−0.01	−0.09	0.15	0.02
Retinopathy statuspb	−0.01	0.03	−0.07	−0.04	0.11	0.07	0.07
Neuropathy statuspb	0.24	−0.14	−0.11	−0.20	−0.08	0.13	−0.09
Nephropathy statuspb	0.14	−0.06	0.10	0.09	−0.04	0.05	0.12
IP score			−0.16	−0.13	−0.01	0.04	−0.17
PDSMS score			−0.16	0.19	0.10	0.17	0.29

ρ, spearman’s rho; pb, point biserial correlation coefficient; all other correlation coefficients are Pearson’s correlation coefficients.
value ≤ 0.05; value ≤ 0.01; value ≤ 0.001.
IP, illness perception; PDSMS, Perceived Diabetes Self-Management Scale; SMG, self-management; SMBG, self-monitoring of blood glucose.