Sociodemographic and Clinical Predictors of Self-Management among People with Poorly Controlled Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of Illness Perceptions and Self-Efficacy
Table 2
Predicting illness perceptions, self-efficacy, and adherence to self-management recommendations from sociodemographic and disease characteristics.
Predictor variable
(SE)
95% CI
value
() Predicting illness perceptions from demographic/disease characteristics
(i) Consequences and demographic/disease characteristics
<0.01
0.12
Constant
2.88 (0.41)
0.88–4.89
≤0.01
Nephropathy status
2.54 (1.03)
0.48–4.59
0.02
0.254
diabetic tablets + insulin versus 1 diabetic tablet
1.34 (0.57)
0.20–2.48
0.02
0.242
HbA1c (%)
0.04 (0.02)
0.00–0.08
0.04
0.212
(ii) Timeline and demographic/disease characteristics
<0.001
0.56
Constant
9.78 (0.13)
9.55–10.05
<0.001
≥2 diabetic tablets versus 1 diabetic tablet
−0.67 (0.19)
−1.04–−0.30
0.001
−0.34
Primary/secondary versus college/sixth form
−0.50 (0.13)
−0.77–−0.24
<0.001
−0.36
Duration since diagnosis
0.02 (0.01)
0.01–0.03
<0.01
0.29
(iii) Personal control and demographic/disease characteristics
<0.001
0.38
Constant
12.79 (1.16)
10.48–15.11
<0.001
Diabetes type
−2.78 (0.51)
−3.78–−1.79
<0.001
−0.56
HbA1c (%)
−0.07 (0.02)
−0.10–−0.04
<0.001
−0.39
Primary/secondary versus university/graduate
1.30 (0.51)
0.29–2.30
0.01
0.23
≥2 diabetic tablets versus 1 diabetic tablet
1.56 (0.73)
0.12–3.00
0.03
0.21
(iv) Treatment control and demographic/disease characteristics
<0.001
0.27
Constant
13.00 (1.17)
10.68–15.33
<0.001
Diabetes type
−1.73 (0.49)
−2.70–−0.75
0.001
−0.36
HbA1c (%)
−0.05 (0.02)
−0.09–−0.02
<0.01
−0.30
Neuropathy status
−1.47 (0.59)
−2.64–−0.30
0.01
−0.25
(v) Identity and demographic/disease characteristics
≤0.001
0.17
Constant
4.63 (0.42)
3.79–5.17
<0.001
diabetic tablets and insulin versus 1 diabetic tablet
1.86 (0.60)
0.67–3.05
<0.01
0.32
Primary/secondary versus polytechnic
−2.44 (1.15)
−4.72–−0.15
0.04
−0.22
(vi) Concern and demographic/disease characteristics
<0.001
0.15
Constant
8.22 (0.29)
7.65–8.79
<0.001
insulin versus 1 diabetic tablet
−1.86 (0.48)
−2.81–−0.90
<0.001
−0.39
(vii) Illness coherence and demographic/disease characteristics
<0.01
0.14
Constant
5.82 (0.50)
4.83–6.81
<0.001
Duration since diagnosis
0.06 (0.02)
0.02–0.11
<0.01
0.30
Sex
1.05 (0.46)
0.14–1.96
0.02
0.24
(viii) Emotional response and demographic/disease characteristics
<0.01
0.09
Constant
6.67 (0.60)
5.48–7.86
<0.001
Duration since diagnosis
−0.09
−0.15–−0.03
<0.01
−0.30
(ix) Overall IP score and demographic/disease characteristics
<0.001
0.34
Constant
14.21
−3.09–31.51
0.11
diabetic tablets and insulin versus 1 diabetic tablet
6.82 (2.22)
2.40–11.23
<0.01
0.29
Nephropathy status
10.98 (3.87)
3.27–18.70
<0.01
2.84
Duration since diagnosis
−0.21 (0.11)
−0.42–0.00
0.06
−0.19
HbA1c (%)
0.27 (0.09)
0.10–0.44
<0.01
0.32
BMI
0.48 (0.19)
0.11–0.86
0.01
0.27
() Predicting PDSMS scores from demographic/disease characteristics
<
0.23
Constant
31.87 (2.56)
26.77–36.98
<0.001
Neuropathy status
−5.17 (1.63)
−8.42–−1.92
<0.01
−0.32
Duration since diagnosis
0.17 (0.06)
0.05–0.29
<0.01
0.29
HbA1c (%)
−0.14 (0.05)
−0.24–−0.03
0.01
−0.26
() Which demographic/disease characteristics best predict adherence to self-management recommendations?
(i) Diet/meal planning recommendations and demographic/disease characteristics
No variable entered into the equation (no variable significantly predicted diet)
(ii) Exercise recommendations and demographic/disease characteristics
<
0.09
Constant
2.21 (0.31)
1.59–2.83
<0.001
Insulin versus 1 diabetic tablet
1.47 (0.52)
0.44–2.50
0.01
0.31
(iii) Blood testing recommendations and demographic/disease characteristics
0.21
Constant
5.17 (0.27)
4.63–5.71
<0.001
≥2 diabetic tablets versus 1 diabetic tablet
−3.49 (0.75)
−4.97–−2.00
<0.001
−0.46
(iv) Foot care recommendations and demographic/disease characteristics
<
0.11
Constant
2.53 (0.26)
2.02–3.05
<0.001
Employed versus not in work due to long-term illness/disability
2.32 (0.75)
0.82–3.81
<0.01
0.32
(v) Overall SMG recommendations and demographic/disease characteristics
