Association of Urinary Phthalates with Self-Reported Eye Affliction/Retinopathy in Individuals with Diabetes: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2010
Table 1
Outcome and potential confounders considered in the analyses.
Variable
Value
Code
Outcome
Self-reported retinopathy [ (%)]
No
157 (13.87)
0
Yes
847 (86.13)
1
Demographic variables
Age [mean (SE)]† y
60.12 (0.56)
Raw
Sex [ (%)††]
Females
483 (50.6)
0
Males
521 (49.4)
1
Ethnicity [ (%)]
Mexican Americans
215 (7.86)
1
Hispanics
72 (4.92)
1
Non-Hispanic Whites
415 (65.65)
0
Non-Hispanic Blacks
267 (16.07)
0
Other non-Hispanics
35 (5.50)
0
Marital status [ (%)]
Married
555 (58.64)
1
Others
449 (41.36)
0
Educational attainment [ (%)]
Less than 9th Grade
216 (12.73)
1
9–11th Grade
191 (16.21)
2
High school grad/GED or equivalent
219 (22.51)
3
Some college or AA degree
253 (30.08)
4
College graduate or above
124 (18.44)
5
Refused or unknown
1 (0.03)
0
Poverty income ratio [mean (SE)]
2.87 (0.07)
0 if unknown, or else raw
Clinical variables
Total calorie intake per day [ (%)]
Q1 (<1,200.5 kcal)
251 (20.41)
0
Q2 (1,200.5–<1,648.5 kcal)
251 (23.60)
1
Q3 (1,648.5–<2,191 kcal)
251 (26.02)
2
Q4 (≥2,191 kcal)
251 (29.97)
3
Obesity
BMI ≥30 Kg/m2
559 (60.41)
2
BMI <30 Kg/m2
416 (37.03)
1
BMI not measured
29 (2.55)
0
Physical activity categories
Active (>6 METS)
168 (20.50)
2
Insufficiently active (3–6 METS)
350 (37.14)
1
Inactive (<3 METS) or unknown
486 (42.36)
0
Glycated hemoglobin [ (%)]
≥6.5%
433 (42.17)
2
<6.5%
178 (18.33)
1
Unknown
393 (39.51)
0
High serum total cholesterol [ (%)]
≥240 mg/dL
129 (14.02)
2
<240 mg/dL
814 (81.19)
1
Unknown
129 (4.79)
0
Low HDL cholesterol [ (%)]
Males <40 mg/dL, females <50 mg/dL
385 (42.82)
2
Males ≥40 mg/dL, females ≥50 mg/dL
559 (52.58)
1
Unknown
60 (4.60)
0
High serum triglycerides [ (%)]
≥150 mg/dL
220 (23.73)
2
<150 mg/dL
258 (24.65)
1
Unknown
526 (51.61)
0
Hypertension [ (%)]
Yes
305 (28.39)
2
No
654 (67.04)
1
Unknown
45 (4.57)
0
Duration of diabetes [ (%)]
≥14 y
225 (19.06)
4
8–13 y
190 (18.96)
3
3–7 y
242 (25.54)
2
<3 y
172 (19.04)
1
Unknown
175 (17.38)
0
Urinary phthalates, ng/mL [mean (SE)]
Mono-n-butyl (MBP)
47.30 (11.87)
Corrected for urinary creatinine and inverse-normalized
Mono-cyclohexyl (MCP)
0.41 (0.02)
Mono-ethyl (MEP)
464.77 (47.07)
Mono-(2-ethyl)-hexyl (MEHP)
6.44 (0.93)
Mono-isononyl (MNP)
1.54 (0.17)
Mono-n-octyl (MOP)
1.13 (0.02)
Mono-benzyl (MBzP)
12.59 (0.75)
Mono-n-methyl (MNM)
3.85 (0.44)
Mono-(3-carboxypropyl) (MCPP)
5.38 (0.49)
Mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) (MEHHP)
42.34 (4.12)
Mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) (MEOHP)
25.66 (2.42)
Mono-isobutyl (MiBP)
9.00 (0.80)
Mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl (MECPP)#
58.72 (5.56)
Not used
Mono-(carboxynonyl) (MCNP)##
4.37 (0.35)
Not used
Mono-(carboxyoctyl) (MCOP)##
20.40 (2.41)
Not used
All means and standard errors are adjusted for survey design variables. ††All proportions are adjusted for survey design variables. Widowed, divorced, separated, never married, living with partner, and refused. #Data available on 828 participants. ##Data available on 649 participants.
