The Design, Usability, and Feasibility of a Family-Focused Diabetes Self-Care Support mHealth Intervention for Diverse, Low-Income Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
Table 2
Participant characteristics.
M ± SD or (%)
Total
Support Person Invited
Yes
No
Demographics
Age, years
51.7 ± 10.2
52.0 ± 9.4
51.3 ± 11.6
Gender, female
10 ()
4 ()
6 ()
Race
Caucasian/white
7 ()
4 ()
3 ()
African American/black
8 ()
4 ()
4 ()
Others
3 ()
1 ()
2 ()
Education, years
12.8 ± 2.5
13.4 ± 1.9
12.2 ± 2.9
Annual household income, US
<10,000
8 ()
3 ()
5 ()
10,000–34,999
7 ()
3 ()
4 ()
≥35,000
3 ()
3 ()
0 ()
Limited health literacy (BHLS)
2 ()
1 ()
1 ()
Family characteristics
Married/partnered
5 ()
3 ()
2 ()
Helpful actions (DFBC-II)
1.6 ± 0.7
1.5 ± 0.8
1.6 ± 0.7
Harmful actions (DFBC-II)
1.4 ± 0.7
1.2 ± 0.7
1.6 ± 0.8
Diabetes characteristics
Diabetes duration, years
6.9 ± 5.9
5.1 ± 5.1
8.3 ± 6.4
Insulin status, taking insulin
8 ()
4 ()
4 ()
Previous cell phone use
Comfortable using cell phone
18 (95)
9 (100)
9 (90)
Used text messages
17 (90)
8 (89)
9 (90)
Self-care adherence
Medication adherence (ARMS-D)
25.8 ± 2.8
25.9 ± 3.9
25.7 ± 1.4
General diet (SDSCA)
3.6 ± 2.5
3.7 ± 2.8
3.5 ± 2.4
Specific diet (SDSCA)
3.5 ± 1.7
3.3 ± 1.6
3.6 ± 2.0
Exercise (SDSCA)
2.0 ± 1.5
2.2 ± 1.6
2.1 ± 1.5
SMBG (SDSCA)
3.9 ± 3.1
3.0 ± 3.2
4.7 ± 2.9
Glycemic control (A1c, %)
7.4 ± 1.6
7.4 ± 1.6
7.5 ± 1.7
One participant refused/did not know. Two Hispanic people and one Native American. Note. Mann–Whitney and Fisher’s exact tests identified no association between any variable and inviting a support person. A1c, hemoglobin A1c; BHLS, Brief Health Literacy Screen (limited if score ≤ 9); ARMS-D, Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale for Diabetes medication taking subscale (possible range 7–28; higher scores indicate more adherence); DFBC-II, Diabetes Family Behavior Checklist-II (possible range 1 = never to 5 = once a day); SDSCA, Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (possible range 0–7; it indicates number of days adherent per week); and SMBG, self-monitoring of blood glucose.
