Journal of Diabetes Research

Review Article

A Systems Biology Overview on Human Diabetic Nephropathy: From Genetic Susceptibility to Post-Transcriptional and Post-Translational Modifications

Table 5

Proteomic biomarkers. List of significant protein biomarkers ordered as they are cited in the text. LCM: Laser Capture Microdissection; LC/MS/MS: liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry; IF: immunofluorescence; IHC: immunohistochemistry; SELDI-TOF/MS: Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry; CE-MS: capillary electrophoresis; 2DE: two-dimensional electrophoresis.
ProteinCodeSampleExpressionAssay typeDiabetes typePotential value of biomarker References
Integrin, alpha 1ITGA1FFPE KidneyUpLCM + LC/MS/MS; IHCT2DDiagnostic[79]
Laminin, beta 2LAMB2, LAMSFFPE KidneyUpLCM + LC/MS/MS; IHCT2DDiagnostic[79]
NephronectinNPNT, EGFL6L, POEM, and UNQ295/PRO334FFPE KidneyUpLCM + LC/MS/MS; IHCT2DDiagnostic[79]
Actinin, alpha 4ACTN4FFPE KidneyUpLCM + LC/MS/MS; IHCT2DDiagnostic[79]
C3C3, CPAMD1FFPE KidneyUpLCM + LC/MS/MS; IFT2DDiagnostic[80]
C5b-9C5, CPAMD4FFPE KidneyUpLCM + LC/MS/MS; IFT2DDiagnostic[80]
Fibrinogen α-chainFGAFFPE KidneyUpLCM + LC/MS/MS; IFT2DDiagnostic[80]
SynaptopodinSYNPO, KIAA1029FFPE KidneyUpLCM + LC/MS/MS; IFT2DDiagnostic[80]
Collagen α-1 (I) chainCO1A1_HUMANUrineDownCE-MST2DPrognostic[81]
Collagen α-1 (III) chainCO3A1_HUMANUrineDownCE-MST2DPrognostic[81]
Collagen α-2 (I) chainCO1A2_HUMANUrineDownCE-MST2DPrognostic[81]
Neurosecretory protein VGFVGF_HUMANUrineDownCE-MST2DPrognostic[81]
OsteopontinOSTP_HUMANUrineDownCE-MST2DPrognostic[81]
Polymeric immunoglobulin receptorPIGR_HUMANUrineDownCE-MST2DPrognostic[81]
Serum albuminALBU_HUMANUrineUpCE-MST2DPrognostic[81]
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase γ chainATNG_HUMANUrineDownCE-MST2DPrognostic[81]
Pro-SAASPCSK1_HUMANUrineUpCE-MST2DPrognostic[81]
α-2-HS-glycoproteinFETUA_HUMANUrineUpCE-MST2DPrognostic[81]
a-1 acid glycoproteinAGPUrineUpSDS-PAGE + LC/MS/MS + ELISAT1DPrognostic[82]
ClusterinCLU, APOJ, CLI, KUB1, and AAG4UrineComparableSDS-PAGE + LC/MS/MS + ELISAT1DPrognostic[82]
ProgranulinGRNUrineUpSDS-PAGE + LC/MS/MS + ELISAT1DPrognostic[82]
Tamms-Horsfall glycoproteinTHPUrineUpSDS-PAGE + LC/MS/MS + ELISAT1DPrognostic[82]
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1ORM1, AGP1UrineUpiTRAQ labelling + LC-MS/MS; WBT2DDiagnostic[83]
Alpha-1-antitrypsinSERPINA1, AAT, PI, PRO0684, and PRO2209UrineUpiTRAQ labelling + LC-MS/MS; WBT2DDiagnostic[83]
Prostate stem cell antigenPSCA, UNQ206/PRO232UrineUpiTRAQ labelling + LC-MS/MS; WBT2DDiagnostic[83]
Ubiquitin ribosomal fusion protein (UbA52)UBA52, UBCEP2UrineUpSELDI-TOF/MS, WBT2DDiagnostic[84]
β2-microglobulinB2M, CDABP0092, and HDCMA22PUrineUpSELDI-TOF/MS, WB, ELISAT2DDiagnostic[84, 85]
Free ubiquitinUBB, UBC, UBA52, and RPS27AUrineUpSELDI-TOF/MS, WB, ELISAT2DDiagnostic[85]
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2CKMT2C, HALR, KIAA1506, and MLL3Urine exosomesUp2DE + LC/MS/MST2DDiagnostic[86]
Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1VDAC1, VDACUrine exosomesDown2DE + LC/MS/MST2DDiagnostic[86]
Alpha-1-microglobulin/ bikunin precursorAMBP, HCP, and ITILUrine exosomesUp2DE + LC/MS/MST2DDiagnostic[86]
Vasorin (glycated)VASN, SLITL2, UNQ314/PRO357/ PRO1282PlasmaUpLC/MS/MS; WBT2DDiagnostic [87]
Retinol binding protein-4 (glycated)RBP4, and PRO2222PlasmaUpLC/MS/MS; WBT2DDiagnostic [87]
Lumican (glycated)LUM, LDC, SLRR2DPlasmaUpLC/MS/MS; WBT2DDiagnostic [87]
Vasorin (glycated)VASN, SLITL2, and UNQ314/PRO357/ PRO1282PlasmaUpLC/MS/MS; WBT2DDiagnostic [87]
Hemopexin precursor (glycated)MMP15PlasmaUp2DE; ESI-Q-TOF/MS/MST2DDiagnostic [88]
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (glycated)SERPINA1, AAT, PI, PRO0684, and PRO2209PlasmaUp2DE; ESI-Q-TOF/MS/MST2DDiagnostic [88]
Haptoglobin-related protein (glycated)HPRPlasmaUp2DE; ESI-Q-TOF/MS/MST2DDiagnostic [88]
Serine proteinase inhibitor (glycated)SERPINA5, PCI, PLANH3, and PROCIPlasmaUp2DE; ESI-Q-TOF/MS/MST2DDiagnostic [88]
Complement factor C4B3 (glycated)C4B, CO4, CPAMD3, and C4B_2PlasmaUp2DE; ESI-Q-TOF/MS/MST2DDiagnostic [88]
Prekallikrein (glycated)KLKB1, KLK3PlasmaUp2DE; ESI-Q-TOF/MS/MST2DDiagnostic [88]
Apolipoprotein (ApoE)APOEPlasmaUp2DE; MALDI-TOF/MS/MST2DDiagnostic[89]
Glutathione peroxidase (eGPx) GPX2PlasmaUp2DE; MALDI-TOF/MS/MST2DDiagnostic[89]
Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) GCPlasmaUp2DE; MALDI-TOF/MS/MST2DDiagnostic[89]