Analysis of Inflammatory Mediators in Prediabetes and Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Patients
Table 5
ORs of prediabetes and T2DM according to the inflammatory markers.
OR (95% CI)
PDG versus NGG
DMG versus NGG
DMG versus PDG
IgE
Model 1 (unadjusted)
1.34 (0.89–2.03)
0.166
3.05 (1.93–4.84)
<0.001
2.28 (1.45–3.28)
<0.001
Model 2 (age and sex)
1.35 (0.89–2.65)
0.156
3.11 (1.95–4.95)
<0.001
2.29 (1.46–3.59)
<0.001
Model 3 (multivariable)
1.41 (0.89–2.24)
0.147
3.51 (1.96–6.29)
<0.001
2.55 (1.52–4.25)
<0.001
Model 4 (multivariable + CRP)
1.36 (0.85–2.19)
0.198
3.79 (1.89–7.73)
<0.001
2.58 (1.49–4.46)
0.001
Model 5 (multivariable + tryptase)
1.40 (0.88–2.23)
0.156
3.48 (1.94–6.25)
<0.001
2.52 (1.51–4.23)
<0.001
Model 6 (multivariable + IL-6)
1.40 (0.88–2.22)
0.158
3.51 (1.96–6.29)
<0.001
2.54 (1.52–4.25)
<0.001
Model 7 (multivariable + TNF-)
1.42 (0.89–2.89)
0.146
3.49 (1.95–6.26)
<0.001
2.55 (1.52–4.25)
<0.001
Model 8 (multivariable + IL-4)
1.32 (0.83–2.11)
0.244
3.44 (1.91–6.18)
<0.001
2.55 (1.53–4.26)
<0.001
Model 9 (multivariable + IL-10)
1.30 (1.81–2.07)
0.283
2.72 (1.45–5.10)
0.002
2.33 (1.38–3.93)
0.002
Model 10 (multivariable + Foxp3)
1.39 (0.87–2.21)
0.167
3.46 (1.92–6.23)
<0.001
2.57 (1.54–4.30)
<0.001
CRP
Model 1 (unadjusted)
2.35 (1.57–3.52)
<0.001
11.76 (6.90–20.03)
<0.001
5.01 (3.00–8.37)
<0.001
Model 2 (age and sex)
2.32 (1.55–3.49)
<0.001
11.70 (6.84–20.02)
<0.001
5.11 (3.04–8.57)
<0.001
Model 3 (multivariable)
2.34 (1.49–3.67)
<0.001
16.14 (7.99–32.59)
<0.001
5.73 (3.19–10.29)
<0.001
Model 4 (multivariable + IgE)
2.31 (1.47–3.64)
<0.001
17.23 (8.17–36.33)
<0.001
5.81 (3.19–10.59)
<0.001
Model 5 (multivariable + tryptase)
2.31 (1.47–3.63)
<0.001
16.17 (7.99–32.70)
<0.001
5.81 (3.23–10.48)
<0.001
Model 6 (multivariable + IL-6)
2.34 (1.49–3.68)
<0.001
16.30 (7.99–32.59)
<0.001
5.79 (3.21–10.43)
<0.001
Model 7 (multivariable + TNF-)
2.36 (1.50–3.72)
<0.001
17.30 (8.43–35.52)
<0.001
5.75 (3.20–10.34)
<0.001
Model 8 (multivariable + IL-4)
2.23 (1.41–3.51)
0.001
17.34 (8.39–35.86)
<0.001
5.87 (3.24–10.61)
<0.001
Model 9 (multivariable + IL-10)
2.25 (1.42–3.54)
0.001
17.35 (8.24–35.74)
<0.001
5.79 (3.16–10.59)
<0.001
Model 10 (multivariable + Foxp3)
2.30 (1.46–3.62)
<0.001
16.24 (7.99–33.02)
<0.001
5.93 (3.29–10.72)
<0.001
Tryptase
Model 1 (unadjusted)
1.53 (1.01–2.32)
0.044
1.15 (0.70–1.88)
0.588
0.75 (0.46–1.21)
0.237
Model 2 (age and sex)
1.55 (0.99–2.29)
0.055
1.21 (0.68–1.85)
0.653
0.75 (0.46–1.21)
0.236
Model 3 (multivariable)
1.57 (0.99–2.50)
0.057
1.35 (0.73–2.47)
0.336
0.75 (0.44–1.29)
0.305
Model 4 (multivariable + IgE)
1.56 (0.98–2.45)
0.06
1.32 (0.66–2.36)
0224
0.78 (0.45–1.36)
0.485
Model 5 (multivariable + CRP)
1.52 (0.95–2.44)
0.082
1.34 (0.66–2.73)
0.417
0.71 (0.40–1.25)
0.235
Model 6 (multivariable + IL-6)
1.22 (0.74–2.00)
0.436
1.39 (0.74–2.61)
0.306
0.83 (0.47–1.47)
0.527
Model 7 (multivariable + TNF-)
1.47 (0.90–2.38)
0.126
1.28 (0.68–2.41)
0.440
0.71 (0.40–1.27)
0.246
Model 8 (multivariable + IL-4)
1.63 (1.02–2.61)
0.041
1.26 (0.67–2.30)
0.484
0.73 (0.42–1.26)
0.263
Model 9 (multivariable + IL-10)
1.36 (0.84–2.19)
0.213
0.93 (0.47–1.84)
0.841
0.64 (0.37–1.12)
0.117
Model 10 (multivariable + Foxp3)
1.50 (0.92–2.44)
0.107
1.21 (0.58–2.51)
0.612
0.77 (0.41–1.43)
0.399
IL-6
Model 1 (unadjusted)
1.37 (0.91–2.08)
0.136
0.85 (0.51–1.42)
0.534
0.62 (0.37–1.03)
0.062
Model 2 (age and sex)
1.36 (0.90–2.07)
0.146
0.86 (0.51–1.44)
0.560
0.62 (0.37–1.03)
0.062
Model 3 (multivariable)
1.37 (0.86–2.19)
0.188
0.97 (0.51–1.85)
0.922
0.68 (0.39–1.18)
0.169
Model 4 (multivariable + IgE)
1.36 (0.85–2.18)
0.202
1.01 (0.52–1.96)
0.985
0.68 (0.40–1.20)
0.188
Model 5 (multivariable + CRP)
1.37 (0.85–2.22)
0.193
0.99 (0.46–2.11)
0.977
0.64 (0.36–1.18)
0.159
Model 6 (multivariable + tryptase)
1.22 (0.74–2.00)
0.436
0.88 (0.45–1.73)
0.720
0.72 (0.40–1.29)
0.264
Model 7 (multivariable + TNF-)
1.41 (0.88–2.27)
0.157
0.95 (0.50–1.82)
0.876
0.67 (0.38–1.17)
0.161
Model 8 (multivariable + IL-4)
1.25 (0.77–2.02)
0.374
0.85 (0.43–1.65)
0.624
0.62 (0.35–1.12)
0.111
Model 9 (multivariable + IL-10)
1.19 (0.73–1.93)
0.483
0.68 (0.33–1.39)
0.287
0.56 (0.31–1.00)
0.05
Model 10 (multivariable + Foxp3)
0.68 (0.39–1.20)
0.183
0.91 (0.47–1.75)
0.769
0.68 (0.39–1.20)
0.183
TNF-
Model 1 (unadjusted)
1.29 (0.85–2.97)
0.239
1.24 (0.76–2.02)
0.390
0.96 (0.59–1.53)
0.866
Model 2 (age and sex)
1.31 (0.85–2.00)
0.218
1.26 (0.77–2.07)
0.358
0.96 (0.59–1.55)
0.867
Model 3 (multivariable)
1.43 (0.89–2.29)
0.140
1.29 (0.70–2.38)
0.420
1.04 (0.60–1.81)
0.883
Model 4 (multivariable + IgE)
1.42 (0.89–2.89)
0.146
1.26 (0.67–2.38)
0.480
1.04 (0.59–1.83)
0.885
Model 5 (multivariable + CRP)
1.46 (0.90–2.37)
0.127
1.83 (0.87–3.85)
0.111
0.94 (0.52–1.68)
0.829
Model 6 (multivariable + tryptase)
1.27 (0.77–2.09)
0.347
1.20 (0.63–2.28)
0.572
1.19 (0.66–2.15)
0.570
Model 7 (multivariable + IL-6)
1.41 (0.88–2.27)
0.157
1.29 (0.70–2.40)
0.414
1.10 (0.63–1.91)
0.751
Model 8 (multivariable + IL-4)
1.35 (0.84–2.18)
0.218
1.20 (0.64–2.25)
0.568
1.02 (0.58–1.78)
0.944
Model 9 (multivariable + IL-10)
1.27 (0.77–2.05)
0.352
1.24 (0.56–2.14)
0.652
0.89 (0.51–1.58)
0.694
Model 10 (multivariable + Foxp3)
1.06 (0.61–1.85)
0.840
1.24 (0.66–2.30)
0.504
1.06 (0.61–1.85)
0.840
IL-4
Model 1 (unadjusted)
1.90 (1.27–2.86)
0.002
2.26 (1.42–3.59)
0.001
1.19 (0.76–1.85)
0.456
Model 2 (age and sex)
1.93 (1.28–2.92)
0.002
2.27 (1.41–3.63)
0.001
1.19 (0.76–1.86)
0.457
Model 3 (multivariable)
1.73 (1.09–2.75)
0.020
2.06 (1.15–3.68)
0.015
1.13 (0.68–1.87)
0.649
Model 4 (multivariable + IgE)
1.67 (1.05–2.66)
0.030
1.98 (1.10–3.58)
0.023
1.14 (0.68–1.90)
0.630
Model 5 (multivariable + CRP)
1.58 (1.00–2.52)
0.057
2.47 (1.22–4.98)
0.012
0.86 (0.50–1.50)
0.601
Model 6 (multivariable + tryptase)
1.53 (1.02–2.61)
0.041
2.01 (1.02–3.60)
0.019
1.18 (0.71–1.99)
0.522
Model 7 (multivariable + IL-6)
1.67 (1.04–2.66)
0.033
2.11 (1.17–3.80)
0.013
1.29 (0.76–2.21)
0.350
Model 8 (multivariable + TNF-)
1.68 (1.06–2.67)
0.026
2.03 (1.13–3.63)
0.017
1.12 (0.67–1.87)
0.663
Model 9 (multivariable + IL-10)
1.46 (0.90–2.36)
0.125
1.58 (0.84–2.97)
0.158
0.88 (0.52–1.51)
0.645
Model 10 (multivariable + Foxp3)
1.68 (1.05–2.69)
0.031
1.94 (1.10–3.53)
0.023
1.15 (0.69–1.92)
0.601
IL-10
Model 1 (unadjusted)
1.99 (1.32–2.99)
0.001
5.76 (3.57–9.29)
<0.001
2.90 (1.84–4.58)
<0.001
Model 2 (age and sex)
1.03 (1.00–1.06)
0.060
6.07 (3.72–9.91)
<0.001
2.92 (1.84–4.62)
<0.001
Model 3 (multivariable)
2.17 (1.37–3.46)
0.001
8.61 (4.51–16.41)
<0.001
3.03 (1.79–5.12)
<0.001
Model 4 (multivariable + IgE)
2.11 (1.32–3.37)
0.002
7.56 (3.92–14.57)
<0.001
2.82 (1.65–4.81)
<0.001
Model 5 (multivariable + CRP)
2.07 (1.29–3.31)
0.002
7.33 (3.27–13.68)
<0.001
3.06 (1.73–5.39)
<0.001
Model 6 (multivariable + tryptase)
2.05 (1.28–3.29)
0.003
8.70 (4.52–16.73)
<0.001
3.21 (1.18–5.48)
<0.001
Model 7 (multivariable + IL-6)
2.11 (1.32–3.38)
0.002
8.79 (4.12–16.04)
<0.001
3.28 (1.92–5.60)
<0.001
Model 8 (multivariable + TNF-)
2.10 (1.31–3.36)
0.002
8.66 (3.99–15.86)
<0.001
3.07 (1.81–5.22)
<0.001
Model 9 (multivariable + IL-4)
1.98 (1.23–3.20)
0.005
8.86 (4.11–15.06)
<0.001
3.11 (1.81–5.33)
<0.001
Model 10 (multivariable + Foxp3)
2.13 (1.33–3.41)
0.002
8.62 (4.50–16.49)
<0.001
3.04 (1.79–5.13)
<0.001
Foxp3+
Model 1 (unadjusted)
1.35 (0.89–2.06)
0.162
1.10 (0.67–1.81)
0.702
0.82 (0.50–1.33)
0.415
Model 2 (age and sex)
1.33 (0.87–2.03)
0.190
1.07 (0.65–1.77)
0.788
0.81 (0.50–1.33)
0.410
Model 3 (multivariable)
1.31 (0.81–2.17)
0.270
1.69 (0.91–3.12)
0.097
0.90 (0.52–1.57)
0.720
Model 4 (multivariable + IgE)
1.35 (0.84–2.17)
0.211
1.61 (0.85–3.04)
0.148
0.84 (0.48–1.48)
0.551
Model 5 (multivariable + CRP)
1.19 (0.73–1.95)
0.478
150 (0.65–3.24)
0.241
0.73 (0.40–1.31)
0.293
Model 6 (multivariable + tryptase)
1.17 (0.71–1.93)
0.544
1.61 (0.85–3.04)
0.144
1.01 (0.56–1.83)
0.977
Model 7 (multivariable + IL-6)
1.24 (0.76–2.02)
0.395
1.70 (0.92–3.17)
0.093
0.98 (0.56–1.73)
0.947
Model 8 (multivariable + TNF-)
1.26 (0.78–2.04)
0.349
1.66 (0.89–3.07)
0.111
0.90 (0.51–1.56)
0.701
Model 9 (multivariable + IL-4)
1.17 (0.72–1.92)
0.525
1.57 (0.84–2.93)
0.161
0.88 (0.50–1.54)
0.659
Model 10 (multivariable + IL-10)
1.13 (0.69–1.86)
0.624
1.68 (0.86–3.28)
0.132
0.88 (0.50–1.55)
0.651
ORs: odd ratios; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist hip ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; IgE: immunoglobulin E; hs-CRP: hypersensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-4: interleukin-4; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-10: interleukin-10; Foxp3+: forkhead/winged helix transcription factor 3+; TNF-: tumor necrosis factor. Data are OR (95% CI) unless otherwise indicated. Model 1 was not adjusted for any variable. Model 2 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 3 was adjusted for age, sex, BMI, WHR, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, level of physical activity, dietary intake, alcohol intake, smoking status, presence or absence of family history of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and hypercholesterolemia.
