Using Metabolomic Profiles as Biomarkers for Insulin Resistance in Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Specific metabolites identified to be related to insulin resistance and future metabolic risk based on 10 included studies.

Affected metabolic pathways		Metabolites related to IR	Reference
Amino acids metabolism	Branched-chain amino acids	Valine, leucine, and isoleucine	[21–24, 26]
		Isovalerylcarnitine and isobutyrylcarnitine	[21, 23]
	Aromatic amino acids	Tyrosine and phenylalanine	[20–23, 26]
	Sulfur amino acids	Cysteine and homocysteine	[29]
	Other	Asparagine, glycine, serine, proline, citrulline, glutamate, and methionine	[20, 21, 24, 26]
Lipid metabolism	Acylcarnitines	C2, C3, C5, C2/(C3 + C5), C5/C6-oxo, C4/C5-oxo, C6-oxo/xLeu, and long-chain dicarboxylic acylcarnitines	[20, 22–24]
	Fatty acids	NEFA and FAO by-products	[21, 24]
	Steroid	Androgen hormones	[21, 23]