Glucose Tolerance, MTHFR C677T and NOS3 G894T Polymorphisms, and Global DNA Methylation in Mixed Ancestry African Individuals
Table 2
Baseline characteristics across quarters of global DNA methylation.
Characteristic
Global DNA methylation
difference
-trend
( value)
β ( value)
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
141
141
140
142
Actual% 5mc
Median
0.14
2.14
3.97
7.27
Women, (%)
100 (70.9)
109 (77.3)
115 (82.1)
114 (80.3)
0.117
0.036
0.076 (0.070)
0.543 (0.063)
Any diabetes
31 (22.0)
38 (26.9)
36 (25.7)
53 (37.3)
0.028
0.008
0.101 (0.016)
0.621 (0.036)
Diabetes status, (%)
0.0007
0.145
0.082 (0.052)
None
110 (78.0)
103 (73.0)
104 (74.3)
89 (62.7)
Reference
Screen-detected
15 (10.6)
23 (16.3)
17 (12.1)
42 (29.6)
1.069 (0.004)
Known diabetes
16 (11.3)
15 (10.6)
19 (13.6)
11 (7.7)
−0.026 (0.947)
Current smoking, (%)
55 (39.0)
60 (42.5)
59 (42.1)
50 (35.2)
0.562
0.519
−0.038 (0.367)
−0.162 (0.505)
Current drinking, (%)
40 (28.4)
37 (26.2)
37 (26.4)
36 (25.3)
0.950
0.594
−0.019 (0.648)
0.211 (0.494)
Age (years)
51 (41–64)
52 (44–60)
53 (44–62)
53 (44–64)
0.883
0.523
0.036 (0.391)
0.007 (0.443)
Body mass index (kg/m2)
29.1 (24.4–33.4)
28.8 (23.6–34.7)
28.6 (24.3–34.3)
31.0 (26.3–34.9)
0.209
0.051
0.090 (0.033)
0.015 (0.464)
Waist circumference (cm)
96.0 (85.5–104.0)
96.5 (85.1–108.0)
97.0 (87.5–106.4)
99.5 (88.4–108.2)
0.256
0.053
0.090 (0.033)
0.007 (0.444)
Hip circumference (cm)
107.8 (98.0–116.5)
108.0 (99.2–118.0)
109.2 (100.2–117.5)
110.0 (101.5–121.0)
0.385
0.083
0.083 (0.050)
0.004 (0.685)
Waist-to-hip ratio
0.87 (0.82–0.93)
0.87 (0.83–0.93)
0.87 (0.84–0.92)
0.88 (0.83–0.93)
0.871
0.477
0.031 (0.465)
1.265 (0.470)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
121 (109–137)
120 (109–134)
119 (108–129)
120 (109–133)
0.570
0.514
−0.025 (0.557)
−0.012 (0.090)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
75 (66–82)
74 (67–83)
73 (66–79)
73 (67–82)
0.529
0.379
−0.039 (0.357)
−0.013 (0.207)
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)
5.4 (4.9–6.0)
5.7 (5.0–6.3)
5.4 (5.0–6.3)
6.0 (5.0–7.1)
0.006
0.003
0.126 (0.029)
0.066 (0.225)
2-hour glucose (mmol/L)
6.6 (5.4–9.0)
6.9 (6.0–8.8)
7.0 (5.6–8.6)
7.8 (6.0–10.0)
0.002
0.0003
0.167 (0.0002)
0.011 (0.824)
HbA1c (%)
5.7 (5.5–6.1)
5.8 (5.5–6.3)
5.9 (5.6–6.3)
5.9 (5.5–6.3)
0.519
0.195
0.057 (0.181)
−0.039 (0.782)
Fasting insulin (μU/mL)
7.3 (3.7–11.7)
6.1 (2.1–12.9)
6.7 (2.9–12.4)
8.3 (3.0–12.8)
0.435
0.961
−0.005 (0.900)
−0.016 (0.133)
2-hour insulin (μU/mL)
36.3 (19.9–64.3)
38.7 (18.3–68.4)
39.7 (10.2–68.1)
44.1 (19.5–89.4)
0.485
0.131
0.070 (0.120)
0.0004 (0.860)
C-reactive protein (mg/L)
3.6 (0.9–9.2)
4.4 (1.1–9.6)
2.8 (0.9–9.4)
5.3 (1.7–11.7)
0.091
0.121
0.080 (0.059)
0.005 (0.641)
Cotinine (ng/mL)
10.0 (9.0–282.1)
10 (9–310)
10 (9–270)
10.0 (9.0–197.2)
0.417
0.323
−0.059 (0.160)
−0.002 (0.109)
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (IU/L)
27.0 (18.0–40.0)
28.0 (20.0–45.7)
27.5 (19.0–39.2)
28.0 (20.2–44.5)
0.820
0.625
0.0005 (0.991)
−0.002 (0.081)
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
1.23 (0.93–1.74)
1.24 (0.90–1.69)
1.27 (0.87–1.81)
1.34 (1.06–1.92)
0.096
0.048
0.079 (0.061)
−0.065 (0.642)
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)
1.28 (1.11–1.46)
1.22 (0.99–1.45)
1.24 (1.03–1.45)
1.16 (0.99–1.44)
0.138
0.058
−0.081 (0.055)
−0.509 (0.130)
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)
3.49 (2.84–4.28)
3.43 (2.80–4.05)
3.62 (3.00–4.26)
3.68 (2.90–4.39)
0.279
0.136
0.079 (0.062)
0.078 (0.538)
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
5.52 (4.70–6.40)
5.33 (4.59–6.05)
5.59 (4.75–6.37)
5.54 (4.93–6.46)
0.183
0.275
0.061 (0.147)
−0.009 (0.933)
values from Kruskal-Wallis and chi square tests for the differences across quarters of global DNA methylation. Spearman correlation coefficients and values for the continuous associations of global DNA methylation with covariates. Beta coefficients and values from age, gender, and status for hyperglycemia and smoking adjusted robust linear regressions for the prediction of global DNA methylation by various traits.
