Advanced Glycation End Products Impair Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion of a Pancreatic β-Cell Line INS-1-3 by Disturbance of Microtubule Cytoskeleton via p38/MAPK Activation

Figure 1

The insulin expression and secretion in INS-1-3. (a) The mRNA level of glucagon was compared between INS-1-3 and INS-1 cells, by real-time PCR. (b) The mRNA level of insulin was compared between INS-1-3 and INS-1 cells. The β-actin mRNA level was used as control. (c) Insulin secretion from INS-1-3 and INS-1 cells in response to 2.5 mM and 25 mM glucose, normalized to the total insulin content, measured by ELISA. Data are derived from three independent experiments and shown as mean ± SD. ; versus INS-1.