Clopidogrel Protects Endothelium by Hindering TNFα-Induced VCAM-1 Expression through CaMKKβ/AMPK/Nrf2 Pathway

Figure 1

Effect of Clopidogrel (INN) on TNFα-stimulated ROS liberation in HAEC. ECs were pretreated with 10 μM INN for 24 h or 1 mM NAC for 2 h and treated with 10 mM H2DCFDA for 15 min prior to being challenged with TNFα (1 ng/mL) for another 20 min. Cells incubated with 0.1% DMSO for 24 h were used as a control (CON). ROS levels were assayed with a BioTek Fluorescence Plate Reader. The mean DCF value of control is set as “1.” The relative fluorescence intensity is presented as mean ± SD. (, Student’s -test).