Predictors of Diabetes Self-Management among Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Table 1

Sociodemographic characteristics and health profile of the respondents ().

Demographic characteristics/health profiles	Respondents
	Frequency	Percentage	Mean ± SD
Age
Gender
Male	126	31.4
Female	274	68.6
Race
Malay	131	32.7
Iban & Bidayuh	195	48.8
Chinese & others	74	18.5
Marital status
Having spouse	338	84.5
Without spouse	62	15.5
Education level
No education	154	38.4
Primary education	171	42.9
Secondary education and higher	75	18.7
Duration of having diabetes mellitus
5 years and below	202	50.6
More than 5 years	198	49.4
With chronic illness
None	49	12.2
1-2	339	84.8
3 and above	12	3.0
Diabetes-related complications
None	333	83.3
1-2	67	16.7
Latest HbA1c ()
Less than 6.5%	81	59.1
6.5% and above	55	40.9
Current fasting blood sugar
Less than 4.4 mmol/L	9	2.2
4.4–6.1 mmol/L	87	21.7
More than 6.1 mmol/L	304	76.1
Treatment
Without insulin	317	79.1
With insulin	83	20.9