|
| Subjects | Conditions of the subjects | Number of subjects | Dose and duration of study | Outcomes | References |
|
| Diabetic humans | Type 2 DM | 62 | 250 mg/day + oral hypoglycaemic agents for 3 months | (i) Decreased HbA1c level
(ii) No effects on body weight, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterols | [16] |
| Type 2 DM | 70 | 500 mg twice daily for 45 days | (i) Decreased fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin, and insulin resistance,
(ii) Increased HDL level | [111] |
| Type 2 DM | 19 | 5 mg twice daily for 4 weeks | (i) Improved insulin sensitivity
(ii) Increased pAkt : Akt ratio in the platelets | [112] |
| Type 2 DM | 24 | 50 mg twice daily for 60 days | (i) Reduced foot ulcer size and plasma fibrinogen level | [127] |
| Type 2 DM and hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease | 35 | RSV-enriched grape extract for 12 months (8 mg/day in the first 6 month and 16 mg/day in the last 6 months) | (i) No effect on serum glucose level, HbA1c, lipids, and blood pressure
(ii) Decreased IL-6 level and expression of IL-1β and TNF-α
| [128] |
|
| Nondiabetic humans | Obese men with no family history of any endocrine disorder | 11 | 150 mg/day oral administration for 30 days | (i) Reduced hepatic steatosis
(ii) Decreased adipose tissue lipolysis
(iii) Decreased intrahepatic lipid content, glucose, triglycerides, and inflammation markers
(iv) Increased AMPK activation in muscle
(vi) Increased SIRT1 level | [114] |
| Obese men with no overt endocrine disorders | 24 | 500 mg thrice for 4 weeks | (i) No detectable effects on insulin sensitivity, gene expression of inflammatory biomarkers, AMPK, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase | [116] |
| Overweight/obese men with mild hypertriglyceridemia | 8 | 2 weeks (1000 mg/day for 1st week followed by 2000 mg/day for 2nd week) | (i) No effect on insulin sensitivity, fasting, or fed plasma triglyceride concentration
(ii) Reduced apoB-100 and apoB-48 production rates | [117] |
| Overweight or obese men diagnosed with NAFLD | 20 | 3000 mg/day daily for 8 weeks | (i) No effect on insulin resistance and steatosis
(ii) No effect on plasma lipids or antioxidant activity.
(iii) Increased levels of ALT and AST
(iv) No effect on mRNA levels of NQO1, PTP1B, IL-6, or HO-1 | [118] |
| Nonobese, postmenopausal women with normal glucose tolerance | 45 | 75 mg/day for 12 weeks | (i) No effect on insulin sensitivity in the liver, skeletal muscle, or adipose tissue
(ii) No effect on plasma lipid or inflammatory markers
(iii) No effect on the expression of Ampk, Sirt1, Nampt, and Pgc-1α in skeletal muscle or adipose tissue | [129] |
| Healthy humans | 22 | 250 and 500 mg for 2 study visits of few days apart | (i) Increased cerebral blood flow
(ii) No effect on cognitive function | [17] |
| Healthy humans | 46 | 200 mg/day for 26 weeks | (i) Increased serum insulin level
(ii) Decreased HbA1c
(iii) Improved memory performance | [119] |
| Healthy humans | 44 | 400 mg RSV + 400 mg grape skin extract + 100 mg quercetin for 30 days | (i) Reduced plasma level of IFN-γ
(ii) Decreased expression of ICAM, VCAM, and IL-8 in endothelial cells | [115] |
| Elderly individuals with impaired glucose tolerance | 10 | Daily dose of 1, 1.5, or 2 g for 4 weeks | (i) Improved insulin sensitivity
(ii) Reduced postprandial plasma glucose
(iii) No effects on body weight, blood pressure, and lipid parameters | [130] |
| Patients with stable angina pectoris. | 166 | 20 mg/day for 60 days | (i) Decreased in serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP)
(ii) Decreased levels of lipid biomarkers | [131] |
| Patients at high CVD risk on statins treatment for CVD prevention | 75 | 12 months (8 mg/day in the first 6 months and 16 mg/day in the last 6 months) | (i) Decreased CRP, TNF-α, PAI type 1, and IL-6/IL -10 ratio
(ii) Increased IL-10 level | [132] |
|
