Influence of Age at Diagnosis and Time-Dependent Risk Factors on the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes

Table 3

Univariate analysis to analyze the association between age, gender, and other risk factors at T1D onset with the development of DR during the subsequent follow-up period.

Variable	HR (CI 95%)	value
Sex
Male	Reference
Female	0.56 (0.39, 0.80)	0.001
Age (years)
<10	Reference
10–14	2.58 (1.24, 5.37)
15–29	3.64 (1.87, 7.10)	<0.001
30–44	4.23 (2.04, 8.76)
≥45	5.32 (2.21, 12.84)
Smoking
No/ex-smoker	Reference
Smoker	1.68 (1.16, 2.44)	0.007
BMI	1.12 (0.94, 1.33)	0.274
SBP (per 10 mmHg)	1.15 (1.02, 1.31)	0.034
DBP (per 10 mmHg)	1.12 (0.94, 1.33)	0.203
HDL (per 10 mg/dL)	0.75 (0.64, 0.88)	<0.001
LDL (per 10 mg/dL)	1.01 (0.97, 1.06)	0.606
Triglycerides (per 10 mg/dL)	1.01 (1.00, 1.02)	0.174
HbA1c (per 1%)	1.09 (0.99, 1.19)	0.079

The HR given for quantitative variables refers to increments of 10 units for all covariables except for HbA1c, for which it is referred to increments of 1% points. BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LDL, low density lipoproteins; HDL, high density lipoproteins; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.