Expression Profile of Genes Potentially Associated with Adequate Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 1

Characteristics of the sample: demographic, physical, biochemical, and diabetic data (mean ± SD).

	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3
Gender (F/M)	18/12	20/10	17/13
Age (mean ± SD)	48.0 (±7.6)	50.3 (±6.7)	49.0 (±7.5)
Ethnicity (white/brown/black)	13/10/7	15/11/4	20/8/2
BMI (m/kg^2)	30.5 (±5.2)	31.4 (±4.1)	28.4 (±3.8)
Abdominal circumference (cm)	104.3 (±14.6)	109.3 (±10.8)^a	98.1 (±9.9)
Waist/hip proportion	1.0 (±0.1)	1.0 (±0.1)	0.9 (±0.1)
Fasting glucose (mg/dl)	226.6 (±74.2)^a,b	137.5 (±41.4)^a	90.0 (±6.4)
HbA1c (%)	10.4 (±1.9)^a,b	6.6 (±0.9)^a	5.4 (±0.6)
Insulin (U/l)	19.7 (±20.9)^a	21.1 (±21.5)^a	12.6 (±8.5)
Time since DM onset (years) (mean ± SD)	6.2 (±4.2)	5.2 (±6.6)	—
Presence of diabetes
Total complications^c	19^c	12	—
Medication for DM control
Hypoglycemic	20	15	—
Insulin	1	1	—
Hypoglycemic/insulin	8	5	—
None	1	9	—

SD = standard deviation. (since Bonferroni’s correction = 0.05/3, i.e., three comparisons); ^asignificant value in relation to group 3; ^bsignificant value in relation to group 2 (Kruskal-Wallis test, Dunn’s posttest); ^c in relation to group 2, to access differences regarding complications of diabetes (Mann–Whitney test, ); some data from G1, G2, and G3 were also presented in de Souza Bastos et al. [19], Bastos et al. [20], and Corbi et al. [21].