Excessive Autophagy Activation and Increased Apoptosis Are Associated with Palmitic Acid-Induced Cardiomyocyte Insulin Resistance

Figure 6

Relationship among PA-induced insulin resistance, autophagy, apoptosis, and inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Insulin resistance was induced in H9c2 cells with 500 μM PA for 24 h. During the development of IR, the numbers of autophagic acid vesicles increased during the first 24 hours and then decreased by 36 hours after PA treatment. Western blot analysis showed that the treatment of H9c2 cells with 500 μM PA for 24 hours decreased the expression of Atg12-Atg5, Atg16L1, Atg3, and PI3Kp85. Annexin V/PI flow cytometry revealed that PA exposure for 24 hours increased the rate of apoptosis. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway was inhibited after the PA treatment.