Silymarin Ameliorates Diabetes-Induced Proangiogenic Response in Brain Endothelial Cells through a GSK-3β Inhibition-Induced Reduction of VEGF Release

Figure 2

Advanced glycation end products induce a proangiogenic response in endothelial cells. Endothelial cells were treated with 50 μg/mL of AGE, and the migration and tube formation rates of the cells were assessed. AGE increased the migration rate of endothelial cells as well as the rate of tube formation in a time-dependent manner. Representative images of the migrated cells (a) and a quantification of the migratory potential (b). Representative images of the tube formation potential of endothelial cells (c) and its quantification (d). indicates a significant difference from control. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. .

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