Micronutrient Intake in a Cohort of Italian Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: Adherence to Dietary Recommendations
Table 2
Energy intake and diet composition of the patients with type 1 diabetes participating in the study.
Nutrient
All ()
Men ()
Women ()
Recommendation§
Energy (kcal/day)
1653 ± 367
1842 ± 364
1464 ± 261
NA
Alcohol (TE%)
14.9 ± 51
22.4 ± 60.4
7.5 ± 39
NA
Alcohol (g)
2.1 ± 7.3
8.6 ± 1.6
5.6 ± 1
10 M-20 W
Carbohydrate (TE%)
49.3 ± 5.4
51 ± 4.9
47.6 ± 5.5
45–60
Total soluble sugars (TE%)
14.1 ± 4.2
13.3 ± 4.4
15 ± 3.8
NA
Added sugars (TE%)
2.4 ± 2.8
2.7 ± 3.6
2.1 ± 1.7
<10
Protein (TE%)
17.7 ± 2.4
17.9 ± 2.7
17.5 ± 2.1
10–15
Fat (TE%)
32.8 ± 5.3
30.9 ± 5.1
34.7 ± 4.9
≤35
Saturated fatty acids (TE%)
8.8 ± 2.5
8.4 ± 2.3
9.2 ± 2.7
<10
Monounsaturated fatty acids (TE%)
15.2 ± 3.2
14.5 ± 3.5
15.9 ± 2.7
>10
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (TE%)
3.9 ± 0.8
3.9 ± 0.8
3.9 ± 0.7
<10
Cholesterol (mg)
188 ± 65.6
206.7 ± 62.7
169.3 ± 64.1
<300
Glycemic Index (%)
55.6 ± 4.6
56.4 ± 4.7
54.8 ± 4.3
45–55
Fiber (g/1000 kcal)
11.8 ± 4.2
11.2 ± 4.2
12.5 ± 4.1
>20
NaCl (g)+
4.3 ± 1.5
4.9 ± 1.7
3.8 ± 1.0
<6
Data are expressed as mean ± SD. ;; versus men. NA = not applicable; TE = total Energy. +Only NaCl present in foods. §Italian Standards of Care ADI-AMD-SID (2013-2014) [14].
