Liver Biomarkers and Lipid Profiles in Mexican and Mexican-American 10- to 14-Year-Old Adolescents at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes

Table 3

Mean ± standard deviation of serum concentrations of biological markers in 10- to 14-year-old Mexican and Mexican-American adolescents by location.

Biological markers	Normal^1; Mean ± SD (%)	Borderline^2; Mean ± SD (%)	High^3; Mean ± SD (%)
Toluca
Total cholesterol (mg/dl); Triacilglycerides (mg/dl)	143.40 ± 16.03 (76.7); 89.28 ± 28.61 (76.1)	179.30 ± 7.05 (17.8); 164.64 ± 12.88 (7.4)	229.43 ± 24.19 (5.4); 278.79 ± 64.52 (16.4)
Cholesterol-HDL ratio	3.53 ± 0.64 (91.5)	N/A	5.55 ± 0.73 (8.5)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dl)	46.32 ± 11.27 (72.9)	41 ± 8.31 (8.5)	33.19 ± 5.12 (18.6)^4
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (mg/dl)	78.41 ± 17.59 (88.3)	115.60 ± 5.23 (7.8)	151.80 ± 7.25 (3.9)
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (mg/dl)	245.54 ± 106.7 (98.4)	N/A	487.00 ± 7.07 (1.6)
Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) (mg/dl)	12.09 ± 3.36 (92.2)	N/A	31.30 ± 8.43 (7.8)
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (mg/dl)	16.54 ± 8.28 (95.8)	N/A	62.33 ± 16.58 (4.2)
Texas
Total cholesterol (mg/dl); Triacylglycerides (mg/dl)	142.52 ± 16.03 (68.1); 93.83 ± 29.15 (66.7)	180.28 ± 8.40 (27.8); 167.29 ± 15.60 (21.5)	208 ± 9.44 (4.1); 253.76 ± 53.16 (11.8)
Cholesterol-HDL ratio	3.32 ± 0.73 (93.1)	N/A	6.08 ± 1.43 (6.9)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dl)	49.74 ± 9.98 (66.0)	42.89 ± 9.75 (21.5)	35.00 ± 3.40 (11.8)^4
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (mg/dl)	79.13 ± 17.19 (91.0)	116.33 ± 5.31 (8.3)	158.00 ± 0.00 (0.7)
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (mg/dl)	225.54 ± 87.82 (100.0)	N/A	0
Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) (mg/dl)	14.18 ± 4.24 (89.6)	N/A	27.87 ± 5.73 (10.4)
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (mg/dl)	15.80 ± 6.65 (92.4)	N/A	56.64 ± 12.38 (7.6)

¹Normal values: total cholesterol < 170 mg/dl; LDL < 110 mg/dl; HDL cholesterol ratio < 45 mg/dl; ALP 91–476 UL for males and 104–471 UL for females; GGT 8–32 UL for males and 7–18 UL for females; ALT 8–50 UL for males and 7–33 UL for females. ²Borderline values: total cholesterol 170–199 mg/dl; HDL 45–40 mg/dl; LDL 110–129 mg/dl; HDL cholesterol ratio 35–45 mg/dl. No borderline values for ALP, GGT, and ALT available. ³High/low values: total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl; HDL ≤ 35 mg/dl; LDL ≥ 130 mg/dl; HDL cholesterol ratio ≤ 35 mg/dl; ALP, GGT, and ALT below or above normal values for males and females. N/A: not applicable. between males (); between sites (). ⁴Low nonhigh values for high-density lipoproteins.