Journal of Diabetes Research

Research Article

Correlates of Calcaneal Quantitative Ultrasound Parameters in Patients with Diabetes: The Study on the Assessment of Determinants of Muscle and Bone Strength Abnormalities in Diabetes

Table 4

Independent correlates of QUS parameters by multiple regression analysis with stepwise variable selection, in the whole cohort and in patients with T1DM and T2DM separately.


Variable	BUA		SOS		QUI		eBMD
Variable	Beta		Beta		Beta		Beta

Whole cohort
Age	−0.284	0.001	−0.344	<0.0001	−0.342	<0.0001	−0.236	0.001
Male gender	0.356	<0.0001	0.191	0.011	0.245	0.001	0.244	0.001
HbA_1c	—	—	0.169	0.047	—	—	0.148	0.043
BMI	0.290	<0.0001	0.334	<0.0001	0.355	<0.0001	0.299	<0.0001
PMN amplitude	0.153	0.035	0.181	0.018	0.160	0.031	0.190	0.012
SSN amplitude	0.228	0.017	0.168	0.028	0.185	0.016	0.180	0.018
VPT hallux	—	—	0.329	0.009	0.259	0.015	—	—
Resting HR	—	—	−0.192	0.012	—	—	−0.196	0.010
HR response to cough test (CT ratio)							0.143	0.050
HR response to standing (30 : 15 ratio)	—	—	—	—	0.176	0.022	0.139	0.021
T1DM
Age	−0.450	0.001	−0.597	<0.0001	−0.462	0.001	−0.319	0.020
Male gender	0.296	0.007	—	—	0.230	0.032	0.258	0.019
HbA_1c	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
BMI	0.371	0.007	—	—	0.288	0.018	0.395	0.002
PMN amplitude	0.679	<0.0001	0.510	0.002	0.547	0.001	0.739	<0.0001
SSN amplitude	0.296	0.041	—	—	0.299	0.042	—	—
VPT hallux	0.502	0.007	0.476	0.023	0.406	0.031	0.410	0.040
Resting HR	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
HR response to cough test (CT ratio)							0.251	0.027
HR response to standing (30 : 15 ratio)	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.246	0.024
T2DM
Age	—	—	—	—	−0.134	0.014	−0.169	0.003
Male gender	0.396	<0.0001	0.218	<0.0001	0.283	<0.0001	0.272	<0.0001
HbA_1c	0.113	0.029	0.140	0.012	0.136	0.011	0.119	0.030
BMI	0.344	<0.0001	0.392	<0.0001	0.414	<0.0001	0.409	<0.0001
PMN amplitude	0.175	0.048	0.128	0.044	0.205	0.023	0.132	0.034
SSN amplitude	—	—	0.166	0.011	0.215	<0.0001	0.163	0.011
VPT hallux	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Resting HR	—	—	−0.120	0.032	—	—	−0.114	0.037
HR response to cough test (CT ratio)	—	—	0.204	0.019	—	—	—	—
HR response to standing (30 : 15 ratio)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

QUS = quantitative ultrasound; T1DM = type 1 DM; T2DM = type 2 DM; BUA = broadband ultrasound attenuation; SOS = speed of sound; QUI = quantitative ultrasound index; eBMD = estimated bone mineral density; HbA_1c = hemoglobin A_1c; BMI = body mass index; PMN peroneal motor nerve; SSN = sural sensory nerve; VPT = vibration perception threshold; HR = heart rate.