Maternal Dietary Patterns and Gestational Diabetes Risk: A Case-Control Study

Table 4

Participants’ characteristics according to dietary pattern scores in an Iranian GDM case-control study between 2009 and 2010, Tehran, Iran.

Characteristics	Western dietary pattern^a		Prudent dietary pattern^a
	Low	High	Low	High
Age (years)	29.6 ± 4.3	29.8 ± 4.4	29.6 ± 4.3	29.8 ± 4.4
value^b	0.5		0.8
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m^2)	25.1 ± 3.5	25.9 ± 3.8	25.6 ± 3.9	25.4 ± 3.5
value	0.02		0.54
Gestational age (week)	30.5 ± 3.9	30.8 ± 4.1	30.5 ± 3.9	30.8 ± 4.1
value	0.56		0.50
Energy intake (kcal)	2489 ± 673	2984 ± 787	2275 ± 549	3194 ± 684
value	<0.001		<0.001
Family history of diabetes (%)	34.4	46.6	40.3	40.5
value	0.02		0.85
Smokers (%)	1.5	0	0.5	1.1
value	0.24		0.62
Physical activity (%)
Low	49.0	51.0	54.6	45.4
High	51.0	49.0	45.4	54.6
value	0.65		0.56
Education (%)
Illiterate and primary	5.5	8.3	9.7	4.1
High school	18.7	23.7	26.5	15.8
Diploma and over	75.8	68.0	63.8	80.1
value	0.49		0.005

^aLow category comprises below median values, and high category corresponds to above median values; ^bvalues are presented either as mean ± SD or (%) for quantitative and qualitative variables, respectively; .