Arterial Stiffness Is More Associated with Albuminuria than Decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The REBOUND Study

Table 1

Comparison of clinical characteristics according to albuminuria and eGFR group.

Characteristics	Normoalbuminuria		value	Albuminuria		value
	eGFR ≥ 60 ()	eGFR < 60 ()		eGFR ≥ 60 ()	eGFR < 60 ()
Age, years	58.0 ± 10.1	67.2 ± 9.2	<0.001	58.6 ± 11.3	65.1 ± 10.0	<0.001
Sex, male/female	685/890	58/165	<0.001	286/273	104/152	0.005
BMI, kg/m^2	24.7 ± 3.2	25.2 ± 3.0	0.016	25.4 ± 3.9	25.0 ± 3.4	0.318
Waist circumference, cm	88 ± 8	91 ± 9	<0.001	91 ± 10	90 ± 9	0.729
Duration of diabetes, years	7.9 ± 7.0	10.1 ± 6.8	<0.001	10.0 ± 7.7	13.3 ± 7.8	<0.001
SBP, mmHg	126 ± 14	131 ± 18	0.005	132 ± 17	140 ± 22	<0.001
DBP, mmHg	78 ± 9	76 ± 10	0.555	80 ± 10	78 ± 12	0.614
Pulse pressure, mmHg	48 ± 11	55 ± 14	<0.001	52 ± 13	61 ± 16	<0.001
Heart rate, bpm	74 ± 11	75 ± 12	0.568	78 ± 12	76 ± 12	0.093
HbA1c, %	7.4 ± 1.5	7.5 ± 1.5	0.012	8.1 ± 1.8	7.8 ± 1.8	0.771
HbA1c, mmol/mol	57.6 ± 16.8	58.4 ± 16.8	0.012	65.4 ± 19.5	62.2 ± 19.7	0.771
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m^2	87.3 ± 21.5	52.1 ± 8.2	<0.001	85.6 ± 21.9	45.1 ± 12	<0.001
ACR, mg/g	6.2 (3.3–12.1)	7.4 (4.3–14.2)	0.033	82.1 (44.8–193.9)	220.9 (74.7–827.6)	<0.001
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL	93 ± 33	91 ± 32	0.564	95 ± 31	92.9 ± 36	0.824
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL	49 ± 12	47 ± 12	0.001	48 ± 13	44 ± 12	<0.001
Triglyceride, mg/dL	115 (82–164)	116 (89–166)	0.007	130 (93–200)	133 (98–182)	0.140
hsCRP, mg/dL	0.11 (0.05–0.45)	0.19 (0.06–1.00)	<0.001	0.19 (0.08–0.91)	0.32 (0.09–1.23)	0.017
M-baPWV, cm/sec	1531 (1363–1725)	1708 (1490–2006)	0.002	1677 (1443–1934)	1878 (1615–2161)	0.005
Right ABI	1.11 ± 0.09	1.10 ± 0.10	0.094	1.09 ± 0.12	1.08 ± 0.13	0.574
Left ABI	1.11 ± 0.09	1.11 ± 0.11	0.786	1.10 ± 0.10	1.09 ± 0.13	0.587
Smoking, %	21.6	8.7	<0.001	26.8	15.9	0.001
Alcohol consumption, %	28.5	16.8	<0.001	33.3	19.1	<0.001
Insulin treatment, %	19.5	28.3	0.002	35.1	52.3	<0.001
RAS inhibitors, %	41.6	52.5	0.001	62.1	71.1	0.012
Lipid lowering agent, %	58.5	65.9	0.036	64.2	61.3	0.426
Antiplatelet agent, %	60.6	66.4	0.096	61.5	64.1	0.490

Values are presented as mean ± SD for parametric variables and median (interquartile range) for nonparametric variables. t-test for age; chi-square test for categorical variables; age and sex-adjusted ANCOVA for all other continuous variables; logarithm-transformed values were used for comparison. M-baPWV: maximum brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; ABI: ankle-brachial index; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.