Serotonin and Its Receptor as a New Antioxidant Therapeutic Target for Diabetic Kidney Disease

Figure 1

A model of 5-HT biosynthesis and metabolism in peripheral tissues. 5-HT synthesis is dependent on the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH); the released 5-HT is controlled by the autonomous nervous system and released locally into the circulatory system, and most of them are stored in platelets. Reuptake of 5-HT is mediated by SERT. The effects of 5-HT are mediated through 14 serotonergic receptors that have been grouped into seven broad families. All 5-HTRs are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), except 5-HT₃ that is a ligand-gated cationic channel. 5-HT GPCRs were coupled to all three canonical signaling pathways through G_αi/O, G_αq/11, and G_s that are involved in the cAMP pathway and allow this receptor family to modulate several biochemical signaling pathways.