Protein Intake, Especially Vegetable Protein Intake, Is Associated with Higher Skeletal Muscle Mass in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Table 3

Multiple regression analysis on skeletal muscle index.

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	Standardized regression coefficient	P	Standardized regression coefficient	P	Standardized regression coefficient	P	Standardized regression coefficient	P
Men
Age	−0.173	0.107	−0.107	0.337	−0.202	0.057	−0.230	0.029
Hemoglobin A1c	0.048	0.626	0.047	0.655	0.025	0.796	0.020	0.834
C-peptide index	−0.124	0.194	−0.145	0.152	−0.070	0.460	−0.080	0.389
Regular exerciser	0.138	0.146	0.133	0.186	0.176	0.060	0.167	0.071
Smoking	0.070	0.485	0.080	0.448	0.083	0.394	0.087	0.369
Insulin treatment	−0.116	0.237	−0.139	0.183	−0.058	0.549	−0.048	0.624
Energy intake	−0.366	0.009	−0.157	0.220	−0.357	0.006	−0.497	0.001
C-reactive protein	−0.274	0.008	−0.242	0.026	−0.148	0.121	−0.258	0.009
Protein intake	0.664	<0.001	—		—		0.949	<0.001
Animal protein intake	—		0.410	0.003	—		—
Vegetable protein intake	—		—		0.690	<0.001	—
Animal protein to vegetable protein ratio	—		—		—		−0.339	0.005
Women
Age	−0.292	0.013	−0.278	0.018	−0.278	0.014	−0.300	0.010
Hemoglobin A1c	−0.143	0.209	−0.159	0.161	−0.154	0.153	−0.128	0.257
C-peptide index	−0.126	0.289	−0.123	0.306	−0.135	0.235	−0.129	0.274
Regular exerciser	0.095	0.409	0.092	0.425	−0.001	0.994	0.074	0.513
Smoking	0.134	0.253	0.117	0.316	0.153	0.174	0.155	0.184
Insulin treatment	0.065	0.584	0.083	0.479	0.114	0.302	0.053	0.649
Energy intake	−0.239	0.176	−0.143	0.355	−0.314	0.060	−0.354	0.064
C-reactive protein	−0.150	0.203	−0.147	0.212	−0.152	0.178	−0.151	0.193
Protein intake	0.516	0.005	—		—		0.777	0.002
Animal protein intake	—		0.437	0.007	—		—
Vegetable protein intake	—		—		0.625	<0.001	—
Animal protein to vegetable protein ratio	—		—		—		−0.250	0.128

BW: body weight. Exercise was defined as nonregular exerciser (0) or regular exerciser (1), smoking status was defined as nonsmoker (0) or smoker (1), and medication for insulin was defined as without (0) or with (1).