Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Mood in Women with Type 2 Diabetes
Table 2
Observed means of outcome measures over time.
Valid N
Baseline
Three months
Six months
Overall
Mood outcomes
Depression—CES-D
50
26.84 (24.52–29.16)A
15.03 (12.69–17.37)B
12.12 (9.73–14.52)B
<0.001
Depression—PHQ-9
50
11.50 (10.16–12.84)A
5.94 (4.59–7.28)B
5.21 (3.83–6.59)B
<0.001
State anxiety
50
42.42 (39.39–45.45)A
35.94 (32.88–39.00)B
32.93 (29.80–36.06)B
<0.001
Trait anxiety
50
49.24 (46.69–51.79)A
40.49 (37.93–43.05)B
36.36 (33.75–38.97)C
<0.001
Health status
Mental SF-12
50
35.30 (32.61–37.99)A
46.27 (43.56–48.98)B
49.15 (46.36–51.93)B
<0.001
Physical SF-12
50
45.56 (42.49–48.63)A
44.94 (41.86–48.03)A
44.31 (41.19–47.42)A
0.51
Laboratory measures
25-Hydroxyvitamin D (ng/ml)
Total 25 (OH) D
50
19.18 (16.77–21.59)A
34.29 (31.87–36.72)B
37.60 (35.12–40.08)C
<0.001
25 (OH) D2
50
2.72 (0–7.69)A
31.29 (28.43–34.16)B
36.97 (34.03–39.92)C
<0.001
25 (OH) D3
50
18.75 (17.33–20.16)A
7.33 (5.92–8.75)B
6.07 (4.61–7.53)B
<0.001
25 (OH) D2 D3
50
20.37 (17.67–23.07)A
38.02 (35.32–40.72)B
43.08 (40.31–45.86)C
<0.001
Serum calcium (mg/dl)
50
9.31 (9.20–9.43)A
9.30 (9.19–9.42)A
9.44 (9.32–9.56)A
0.043
Serum PTH (pg/ml)
50
48.38 (42.63–54.13)A
47.66 (41.89–53.43)A
44.94 (39.11–50.76)A
0.16
HbA1c (%)
50
6.87 (6.58–7.15)A
7.02 (6.74–7.31)AB
7.14 (6.85–7.43)B
0.01
Note: means are displayed with their 95% confidence interval in parentheses. Post hoc tests were conducted using the Sidak correction to control the type I error rate. Within each row, if two estimates are significantly different (), those values display different superscript letters.
